MEDIA COVERAGE OF 9/11 AND ITS AFTERMATH

June 2003

Compiled by  Terry Kiss
Bibliographer, Air University Library
Maxwell AFB, AL

Contents

Before 9/11

After  9/11

The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Air Force of this Web site or the information, products, or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and morale, welfare and recreation sites, the U.S. Air Force does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DoD Web site.

Some articles listed below require access to subscription databases.  If you cannot gain access, contact your  local library for availability. AU students and faculty can contact  AUL's  Web Maintainer for a password.

All sites last accessed June 18, 2003.

Before 9/11

Books

 Carruthers, Susal L. The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in the Twentieth Century. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2000. 321 p.
Book call no.: 070.449355 C319m

Dizard, Wilson P. Old Media, New Media: Mass Communications in the Information Age. New York, Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. 233 p.
Book call no.: 301.230973 D622o

Essential Readings on Political Terrorism: Analysis of Problems and Prospects for the 21st Centry, edited by Harvey W. Kushner. Lincoln, NE, Gordian Knot Books. Distributed by the University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 399 p.
See article by Nacos, Fan and Young: "Terrorism and the Print Media: The 1985 TWA Hostage Crisis" pp294-305. And the article by Damphouse and Smith "The Internet: A Terrorist Medium for the 21st Century" pp 227-243.
Book call no.: 303.625 K973

Gowing, Nik. Media Coverage: Help or Hindrance in Conflict Prevention?  New York, Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, September 1997. 46 p.
Also available online at: http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/media/medfr.htm
Book call no.: 341.52 G723m

Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York, Columbia University Press, 1998. 288 p.
See chapter 5, p131-155, "Terrorism, the Media and Public Opinion."
Book call no.: 303.625 H699i

McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 2001. 358 p.
Book call no.: 327.56073 M114e

Storin, Matthew V. While America Slept: Coverage of Terrorism from 1993 to September 11, 2001. Cambridge, MA, Joan Shorestein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002. 43 p. (Working paper series no. 2002-7).
Available online at: http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/presspol/publications/Matt%20Storin.pdf

Documents

Documents are located across the lobby in the East Wing of the Library.

Belknap, Margaret H. The CNN Effect: Strategic Enabler or Operational Risk?  Carlisle Barracks, PA, U.S. Army War College, 2001. 34 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390527
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 B432c

Hulme, Simon J. The Modern Media: The Impact on Foreign Policy. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 1, 2001. 106 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA396608
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 H922m

Periodicals

Periodicals 1999 and earlier are located in the Older Periodicals Section (take the elevator at Circulation Desk). All other periodicals are located on the first floor in the Periodicals Section.

Nacos, Brigitte L. Accomplice or Witness? The Media's Role in Terrorism. Current History 99:174-178 April 2000.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=07-10-2003&REQ=2&Cert=nl%2fYch41zrwNblbIzqPZt7q%2b8XJf%2f09LPcHLuvZGu89jxTDOj%2fnA9u65LLci%2bsaLC7YdG%2fW8%2fLo6lmNNQXBREJOKkcWwQw5TGFLYS4QdBqF%2buNY9Zfs2%2f8Bwt0MfX6tzQNea9tnku%2fak0eEQbNv4uAV40OTzWI1y

After 9/11

Internet Resources

Cursor's Al-Jazeera.
Available online at: http://www.cursor.org/aljazeera.htm
Cursor, located in Minnesota, provides new articles from AL-Jazeera. The articles highlight recent developments in the war on terrorism and fighting in Afghanistan and include interviews.

Dalglish, Luch A. editor. Homefront Confidential: How the War on Terrorism Affects Access to Information and Public's Right to Know.  March 2002.
Available online at: http://www.rcfp.org/homefrontconfidential/
White paper by Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, outlines threats to media coverage of important news stories; chronology of events related to government secrecy since George W. Bush took office; discussion of major secrecy initiatives; summary of parallel secrecy actions taken by state governments since the terrorist attacks on the U.S., September 11, 2001.

Department of Defense. Principles of Information. January 21, 2002.
Available online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/admin/prininfo.html
The Principles of Information constitute the underlying public affairs philosophy for the Department of Defense.

Media Research Center.
Available online at: http://www.mediaresearch.org/welcome.asp
The mission of the Media Research Center is to bring balance and responsibility to the news media. A group of conservatives set out to not only prove - through sound scientific research - that liberal bias in the media does exist and undermines traditional American values, but also to neutralize its impact on the American political scene.

Middle East Media Research Institute. MEMRI.
Available online at: http://www.memri.org/media.html
The Middle East Media Research Institute explores the Middle East media. Timely translations of Arabic, Farsi and Hebrew media as well as analysis of trends in the Middle East are provided in several languages.

Moran, Michael. In Defense of Al-Jazeera.
Available online at: http://www.msnbc.com/news/643471.asp
MSNBC presents the full text of the October 18, 2001 article entitled "In Defense of Al-Jazeera," written by Michael Moran. The station was developed shortly after British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) Arabic service was terminated. U.S. officials were critical of Al-Jazeera when it aired videotaped messages from Saudi exile and accused terrorist Osama bin Laden. Al Jazeera is committed to providing the uncensored truth about news issues.

Poynter Institute. PoynterOnline: Everything You Need To Be A Better Journalist.
Available online at: http://poynteronline.org
Located in St. Petersburg, Florida, the Institute is a school for journalists and the web page offers journalists advice for assignments, crisis reporting and other information.

Singh, Ramindar. Covering September 11 and It's Consequences: A Comparative Study of the Press in America, India and Pakistan. Cambridge, MA, Joan Shorestein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002. 24 p. (Working paper series no. 2002-4).
Available online at: http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/presspol/publications/Singh2.pdf

 Books

Brugmans, George. The Media and Democracy in the Arab World. Films for the Humanities, 2000. 45 minutes.
This video program goes behind the scenes of Al Jezeera, the "CNN of the Arab world".
Video call no.:070.195 M489

El Nawawy, Mohammed. Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Cambridge, MA, Westview, 2002. 238 p.
Book call no.: 070.195 E48a

Journalism After September 11, edited by Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan. London, Routledge, 2002. p
A collection of essays, this book addresses several questions facing journalists and their profession in the wake of the 9/11 tragedy: How do journalists fairly and accurately present the news in a climate of uncertainty and fear? What is the role of the press in a democratic society? How do journalists preserve their professional ethics while experiencing a traumatic event affecting them personally?
Book call no.: 071.3 J86

A Just Response: The Nation on Terrorism, Democracy and September 11, 2001, edited by Katrina Vanden Heuvel and Jonathan Schell. New York, Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002. 345 p.
Selected articles from the "Progressive" magazine "The Nation" and other sources published since September 11. Chapters of interest: "Dispatches" starting on page 110 and "Press Watch" starting on page 186.
Book call no.: 973.931 J96

Poynter Institute for Media Studies. September 11, 2001: A Collection of Newspaper Front Pages. Kansas City, MO, Andrews McMeel, 2001. 147 p.
Book call no.: 973.931 S4791

Yourdon, Edward. Byte Wars: The Impact of September 11 on Information Technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002. 314 p.
See the table of contents and read the introduction of the book at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.yourdon.com/books/ByteWars/
Book call no.: 004.068 Y81b

Periodicals

Periodicals 1999 and earlier are located in the Older Periodicals Section (take the elevator at Circulation Desk). All other periodicals are located on the first floor of the Periodicals Section.

Abrahamian, Ervand. The U.S. Media, Samuel Huntington and September 11. Middle East Report 223:62-63 Summer 2002.
Review essay.

Alter, Jonathan. The Media's 'Balancing' Act. Newsweek 138:60 October 8, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5267284&db=f5h

Alterman, Eric. 'Objectivity' RIP. The Nation 273:12 December 24, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5806469&db=f5h

Callahan, Sidney. Getting It Right. Commonweal 128:7-8 November 23, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5567296&db=f5h

Carter, Bill. CNN, Amid Criticism in Israel, Adopts Terror Report Policy. New York Times 151:C6 June 21, 2002.
Full text article can be accessed through Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription at AU Library.

Clarke, Victoria. Striking a Balance: Government's Needs Versus Those of the Media. Columbia Journalism Review 41:72-73 September-October 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/5/clarke.asp

Closer, Clearer Look. Navy Times 51:52 March 18, 2002.

Daniel, Lisa. General Remarks. National Guard 56:24-25 May 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.ngaus.org/ngmagazine/generalremarks502.asp

Dettmer, Jamie. Supplying Terrorists the 'Oxygen of Publicity'. Insight on the News 18:47 July 15, 2002.
Also available online at: http://insightmag.com/main.cfm/include/detail/storyid/256316.html

Easton, Nina J. Blacked Out. American Journalism Review 24:36-40 March 2002.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2460

Emery, James. The Muslim World's Take on Terrorism. The World & I 17:68-73 January 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7037174&db=f5h

Frank, Reuven. TV in a Time of War. The New Leader 84:47-49 November-December, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5762492&db=aph

Grading the Media on Terrorism Coverage. USA Today Magazine 130:6 January 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5825988&db=f5h

Hammond, Andrew. A New Era of Openness?  Middle East 320:46-47 February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6131920&db=f5h

Hertzberg, Hendrik. How All the News Fit. New Yorker 77:29 January 14, 2001.

Hertzberg, Hendrik. Jitters. New Yorker 77:31-2 October 29, 2001.
Discussion of the cable news industry and its recent coverage of the war in Afghanistan.

Hickey, Neil. Access Denied: The Pentagon's War Reporting Rules Are the Toughest Ever.  Columbia Journalism Review 40:26-31 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/1/hickey.asp

Hickey, Neil. Perspectives on War: Different Cultures, Different Coverage.  Columbia Journalism Review 40:40-43 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/2/hickey.asp

Hills, Mils and Holloway, Rachel. Competing For Media Control in an Age of Asymmetric Warfare. Jane's Intelligence Review 14:20-23 May 2002.

Hoffman, David. Beyond Public Diplomacy. Foreign Affairs 81:83-96 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6249403&db=f5h

Holm, Jason D. Get Over It! Repairing the Military's Adversarial Relationship With the Press. Military Review  82:59-65 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://www-cgsc.army.mil/milrev/English/JanFeb02/holm.asp

Interview: Christiane Amanpour. United States Naval Institute. Proceedings 128:54-56 April 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6441256&db=mth

James, Caryn. British Take Blunter Approach to War Reporting. New York Times  B-4 November 9, 2001.
Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library.

Jukes, Stephen. Real-Time Responsibility: Journalism's Challenges in an Instantaneous Age. Harvard International Review 24:14-18 Summer 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6802314&db=f5h

Kennedy, George. Perspectives on War: The British See Things Differently. Columbia Journalism Review 40:48-51 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/2/kennedy.asp

Kohut, Andrew. The 9/11 Effect Is Starting To Fade. Columbia Journalism Review 41:37 September-October 2002.
Presents the results of a survey on the media after the terrorist attacks in the US.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/5/kohut.asp

Kohut, Andrew. Listen Up, Bias Mongers! The Audience Doesn't Agree. Columbia Journalism Review 40:68 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/2/kohut.asp

Kohut, Andrew. The Press Shines At A Dark Moment. Columbia Journalism Review 40:54-55 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/1/kohut.asp

Kulman, Linda. Covering All Bases; Patriotism, Objectivity and the Pursuit of Journalism in Wartime. U.S. News & World Report  131:44-45 November 19, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5494110&db=f5h

Kunkel, Thomas. War Comes Home: Strange Days Create New Challenges for Journalists. American Journalism Review 23:4 December 2001.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2370

Lipton, Joshua and Giuffo, John. Reverberations: Across the Land a New Sense of Vigor and Purpose is Spurring Regional Dailies Since September 11. Columbia Journalism Review 40:44-50 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/1/giuffoandlipton.asp

Lovejoy, James Kevin. Improving Media Relations. Military Review  82:49-58 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://www-cgsc.army.mil/milrev/English/JanFeb02/lovejoy.asp

MacDonald, Sam. Misunderestimating the Public. Reason 33:16-18 February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5947177&db=f5h

Massing, Michael. Mopping Up. Nation 274:41-42 January 7, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5850795&db=f5h

Matthews, Chris. Coming Together in an Age of 24/7. Newsweek 138:60 November 5, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5424047&db=f5h

Mazen, Abdelmagid. Stories the Media Decide Not To Tell. Nieman Reports 55:55-56 Winter 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5930146&db=f5h

McAlister, Melani. Television, Terrorism, and the Making of Incomprehension. The Chronicle of Higher Education 48:B13-B14 December 7, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5709410&db=f5h

McCormick, Patrick. See No Evil. U.S. Catholic 67:46-48 July 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6857522&db=aph

Minow, Newton N. The Whisper of America: Mass Communication or Mass Destruction? Vital Speeches of the Day 68:365-370 April 1, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6445401&db=f5h

Moaveni, Azadeh. How Images of Death Became Must See TV.  Time 159:40 April 29, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6587105&db=f5h

Nattering Nabobs of Negativism. Weekly Standard 7:4-5 November 26, 2001.

Nordlinger, Jay. Thanks for the MEMRI (Middle East Media Research Institute). National Review 54:33-35 May 6, 2002.
The institute provides translations of Arabic, Farsi and Hebrew media as well as well as analyzing trends in the Middle East. 
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6550426&db=f5h

O'Brien, Meredith. A Growing Divide. Quill 90:14-17 January-February 2002.
War coverage has pushed press values and the public's values even farther apart.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6105969&db=f5h

Offley, Ed. War Coverage Relies on Trusted Sources. Quill 90:10-12 April 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6466594&db=f5h

Palser, Barb. Not So Bad. American Journalism Review 23:49-53 November 2001.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2375

Parks, Michael. Foreign News: What' s Next?  Columbia Journalism Review 40:52-57 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/1/parks.asp

Poniewozik, James. The Battle for Hearts and Minds. Time 158:68-70 October 22, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5405009&db=f5h

Powers, William. The Best-Kept Secrets. National Journal 34:1802 June 15, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6901623&db=aph

Pritchard, Robert S. Military Operations, the Media, and the Public's Right To Know. USA Today 130:16-18 March 2002.
Reviews the principles adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in releasing information on their military operations.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6334645&db=f5h

Ricchiardi, Sherry. The Anthrax Enigma. American Journalism Review 23:18-23 December 2001.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2372

Rich, Frank. The News Today: One Hard Slap.  New York Times 151:H-1 November 14, 2001.
Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library.

Rieder, Rem. Getting Serious. Substance in the News Media; Editorial.  American Journalism Review 23:6 November 2001.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2389

Salamon, Julie. Reliving 9/11: Too Much? Too Son? New York Times 151:Section 2 p1 May 12, 2002.
Focuses on depictions of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in television documentaries and other programs.
Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library.

Santos, Richard J. Freedom of the Press Has Limits. American Legion 152:8-11 June 2002.

Scherer, Michael. In Review: Framing the Flag. Columbia Journalism Review 40:10 March-April 2002.
See additional information at Media Research Center Web Page.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/2/Scherer.asp

Seplow, Stephen. Closer To Home. American Journalism Review 24:18-29 July-August 2002.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2565

Shields, Todd. Journalists Believe Feds Jamming the Free Press. Editor and Publisher 135:3-4 March 18, 2002.
See white paper by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press which outlines what it believes are dubious measures undertaken by the Bush administration and state governments in recent month.
Also available online at: http://www.rcfp.org/homefrontconfidential/

Solomon, Norman. Terrorism, TV and the Rage for Vengeance. Media Coverage of September 11 Attacks. The Humanist 61:6 November-December 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5404211&db=f5h

Thompson, Mark. The Brief, Ineffective Life of the Pentagon's Media Pool.  Columbia Journalism Review 40:66 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/2/thompson.asp

Timmerman, Kenneth R. Live From Qatar: It's Jihad Television. Insight on the News 18:20-21 March 4, 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm/include/detail/storyid/179940.html

Trombly, Maria. Ethics and War. Quill Magazine 89:14-17 December 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5720209&db=aph

Tsfati, Yariv and Weimann, Gabriel. www.terrorism.com: Terror on the Internet.  Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 25:317-332 September 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7288054&db=f5h

Tugend, Alina. Explaining the Rage. American Journalism Review 23:24-27 December 2001.
Also available online at: http://216.167.28.193/Article.asp?id=2373

Van Riper, Frank. September 11: The Impact of Photography a Year Later.  Nieman Reports 56:57-59 Fall 2002.
Explores the impact of photography on the lives of US citizens following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7516647&db=aph

Zednik, Rick. Inside Al-Jazeera. Columbia Journalism  Review 40:44-47 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.cjr.org/year/02/2/zednik.aspVideo


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