Return
to Bibliography ListCULTURAL AWARENESS AND THE MILITARY
November 2007
Compiled by Diana Simpson
Bibliographer, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center
Maxwell AFB, AL
Contents
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Some materials listed below require access to subscription databases. If you cannot gain access, contact your local library for availability. AU students and faculty can contact the Center's Web Maintainer for a password.
All sites listed were last accessed on November 29 2007.
Abrahams, David S. Meta-Meaning in Context: The Military Application of Sociolinguistic Anthropology to Operations in the Arabic-Speaking World. Fort Leavenworth, KS, School of Advanced Military Studies, Army Command and General Staff College, May 2007. 84 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470457
Air War College. Air Force Center for Regional and Cultural Studies.
Available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/culture/
Aniola, Jaroslav. Communication in Civil-Military Cooperation. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007. 119 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA467135
Culturally sensitive communications such as negotiation and media interactions are vital to effective coordination and cooperation in modern peacekeeping. Thus, Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) officers must know how to deal with the media. They must know how, despite enormous cultural diversity, to successfully conduct their jobs; how to work efficiently with interpreters; and finally, how to resolve local conflicts using negotiations.
Arcuri, Anthony P. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Awareness for Today's Operational Environment. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 2007. 34 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA469379
Army Command and General Staff College. Combined Arms Research Library. CAC Commanders Cultural Awareness Reading List.
Available online at: http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/biblio/CAC_cultural.asp
Army Command and General Staff College. Combined Arms Research Library. Cultural Awareness.
Available online at: http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/biblio/cultaware.asp
Includes links to online documents and related websites.
Army Training and Doctrine Command. Arab Cultural Awareness: 58 Factsheets. January 2006.
Available online at: http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/army/arabculture.pdf
Brents, William B. America's Cultural Awakening. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 2007. 22 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA469107
Argues that the military, and the Army in particular, must genuinely understand the cultures and languages of the places they are sent if they are to successfully carry out U.S. foreign policy.
Christensen, R. B. Weight of Culture in Nation-Building. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Comand and General Staff College, July 2007. 98 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA471210
Iraqi culture is radically different from U.S. culture and so it has become an easy scapegoat for any apparent lack of progress by U.S. forces in postwar operations. The lack of progress is attributed to a fundamental misunderstanding of Iraqi culture. However, successful nation building in a culture that is very distant from the United States is not without precedent. This work analyzes the U.S. occupation of Japan to determine what went right in that occupation and what lessons learned there can be applied to Iraq.
Clark, Shannon. Muslim Culture: Center of Gravity for Global War on Terror. Newport, RI, Naval War College, May 2007. 24 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470747
Coles, John P. Full Spectrum Intelligence Support for the Joint Commander: Incorporating Cultural Intelligence into Joint Doctrine. Newport, RI, Naval War College, February 2005. 26 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464552
Crooks, Rory A. Cultivating a Cross-Cultural Disposition. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 2007. 89 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA471220
The Army has incorporated knowledge of foreign cultures and foreign languages into its professional military education (PME) curricula. While this knowledge and these skills are clearly needed, possessing them does little to shape the dispositions of military students. PME must examine the foundations of its educational philosophy and seek more creative approaches to teaching cultural awareness.
Defense Language Institute. Foreign Language Center..
Available online at: http://www.dliflc.edu/
Includes links to language familiarization guides, field support resources, and online language courses.
Ellis, Deborah M. Integrating Language and Culture. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies., May 2005. 61 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA437562
Future conflicts will be asymmetrical with more ethnic and religious issues as the source of conflict. An understanding of language and culture is just as important as understanding the enemy order of battle. However, accurately anticipating future linguist requirements is a formidable task.
Farrington, Jessie O. Developing Strategic Leaders While Maintaining the Warfighting Edge. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2007. 18 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA467210
The complex contemporary political stage and operations in support of the Global War on Terrorism have demanded a different kind of Army strategic leader. These officers must be sound tactical and operational leaders, be multi-disciplined, and possess senior management, cultural, and diplomatic skills not typically required of officers in the past.
Hoskins, Brant D. Religion and Other Cultural Variables in Modern Operational Environments. Fort Leavenworth, KS, School of Advanced Military Studies, Army Command and General Staff College, May 2007.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470675
Karcanes, James A. Cultural Competence and the Operational Commander: Moving Beyond Cultural Awareness into Culture-Centric Warfare. Newport, RI, Naval War College, May 2007. 28 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470803
Keene, Sean T. Know Your Enemy and Know Yourself: Assessing Progress in Developing Cultural Competence to Enhance Operational Effectiveness. Newport, RI, Naval War College, May 2007. 25 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470764
Latham, George A. III. Cultural Awareness and Cross Cultural Communication: Combat Multipliers for Leaders in the Next Millennium.
Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies, May 2000. 59 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389824
Locke, Christine A. Chinese Methods of Interpersonal Conflict Management. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, May 2007. 103 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA470802
Investigates the differences between American and Chinese interpersonal conflict management styles by looking at the roots of Chinese culture, Chinese and American cultural differences, American conflict management models, and Chinese conflict management models. Overall, Americans overtly prefer collaborating or compromising techniques, but unconsciously tend towards competing. The Chinese, on the other hand, prefer non-confrontational strategies in order to maintain a harmonious relationship but will modify their styles depending on the nature of the relationship.
Mills, Vanessa and Smith, Rebekah. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Participation in a Cross-Cultural Simulation Game on Intercultural Awareness. Edinburgh, Australia, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Land Operations Division, November 2004. 76 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA429204
The general approach of this work is for teams of players, each adopting a different synthetic culture, to negotiate a pre-defined outcome with the other teams. The aim is to produce insight into cultural differences through interactions with others, and to develop skills for dealing with those differences through negotiation.
Nobel, Orly and others. Winning the War and the Relationships: Preparing Military Officers for Negotiations with Noncombatants. West Point, NY, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, U. S. Military Academy, August 2007. 43 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA472089
Current operations in Iraq and Afghanistan involving counterinsurgency, peace-keeping, stability and support missions and nation building have increased interest in cross-cultural negotiation skills as a central component of military leadership.
Rothstein, Michael. Fire, Ready, Aim: Developing Intercultural Skills during Officer Formal Education. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air War College, September 2006.
Available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aunews/archive/0112/Articles/FIREREADYAIMDEVELOPINGINTERCULTURALSKILLSDURINGOFFICERFORMALEDUCATION.html
State Dept.: Military Counterinsurgency Manual Stresses Cultural Awareness. US Fed News Service, Including US State News January 9, 2007.
The U.S. Army and Marine Corps have published an updated field manual for fighting insurgencies that stresses cultural awareness, personal contacts, reconstruction strategies and close cooperation with nonmilitary agencies. The manual, titled Counterinsurgency, updated for the first time in 20 years, includes new lessons from Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere, as well as a historical overview spanning more than a century that calls attention to important aspects of past insurgencies.
Available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1191783061&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
U.S. Intelligence Center. University of Military Intelligence.
Available online at: http://www.universityofmilitaryintelligence.us/main.asp
Includes resources related to military intelligence, language training, cultural awareness, and more.
United States Marine Corps. USMC Center for Advanced Operational Culture Learning.
Available online at: http://www.tecom/usmc.mil/caocl/
Zahn, Matthew A. and Lacey, Wayne R. Building a Virtual Cultural Intelligence Community. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007. 91 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA471070
Due to the intelligence community's efforts, the USG has a thorough understanding of its adversaries' activities. Authors propose to develop a means by which the intelligence community can use cultural factors to answer the question "Why?" Although cultural intelligence plays a key role in many of America's political and military successes, the maintenance of a broad-based, detailed cultural intelligence capability has thus far proven elusive.
Schmidl, Erwin A. Peace Operations Between War and Peace: Small Wars & Insurgencies. Portland, OR, Frank Cass, 2000. 173 p.
This group of studies first appeared in a special issue of the journal Small Wars & Insurgencies, Autumn 1999. Comparisons of Srebrenica and Somalia show that the demands of peace interventions often more resemble counter-insurgency operations of the past than some of the more peaceful peacekeeping missions of the 'blue helmet' type. This calls for better and more extensive preparation for troops and personnel involved, including cultural awareness training.
Book call no.: 355.35 P355
Security Assistance: U. S. and International Historical Perspectives, edited by Kendall D. Gott and Michael G. Brooks. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006. 692 p. (Proceedings of the Combat Studies Institute's 2006 Military History Symposium)
Cross-Cultural Considerations for US Security Assistance in the Middle East, by Maj Hank Kron, pp 55-73.
Book call no.: 355.0320973 T763s
Stewart, Andrew W. Friction in U. S. Foreign Policy: Cultural Difficulties with the World. Carlisle, PA, Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, June 2006. 24 p.
Argues that if the United States were more "street smart" on the world scene, it could better identify nuanced subtleties and better leverage allies, who, in turn, are better positioned to further American ideals abroad.
Also available online at: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB706.pdf
Book call no.: 303.48273 S849f
United States. Department of Defense. Defense Language Transformation Roadmap. Washington, Department of Defense, January 2005. 19 p.
Also available online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Mar2005/d20050330roadmap.pdf
Book call no.: 353.7 D313
Wunderle, William D. Through the Lens of Cultural Awareness: A Primer for US Armed Forces Deploying to Arab and Middle Eastern Countries. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006. 136 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA460388
Book call no.: 335.4 W965t
Anderson, Donald J. Cultural Intelligence: Meeting Today's Demands. Newport, RI, Naval War College. Joint Military Operations Dept., May 2004. 21 p.
To meet today's challenges and to prepare for both unlimited war and MOOTW, cultural intelligence must be integrated into the Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace
phase of the Commander's Estimate of the Situation.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425940
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 A5462c
Barnett, J. W. Insight into Foreign Thoughtworlds for National Security Decision Makers. Alexandria, VA, Institute for Defense Analyses, January 2004. 61 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA420821
Doc. call no.: M-U 40381-41 no.2665
Barucky, Jerry. Evaluation of Cross-Cultural Models for Psychological Operations: Test of a Decision Modeling Approach. Mesa, AZ, Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Training Research Division, 2001. 69 p.
This study utilized findings from existing predictive models that deal with the use of information related to cultural traits and attitudes of potential target audiences to develop a system that could help military planners estimate the probability of achieving various PSYOP objectives.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA400796
Doc. call no.: M-U 44289-16 2000 no. 0158
Beckno, Brian. Preparing the American Soldier in a Brigade Combat Team to Conduct Information Operations in the Contemporary Operational Environment. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 2006. 102 p.
Identifies skills and applications that American soldiers in a Brigade
Combat Team should be educated and trained on to effectively conduct IO. These skills are intercultural communication, language, negotiation, and media awareness.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA451276
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 B3971p
Beeson, Michael D. The Language of Conflict: How a Combined/Joint Force Commander Can Overcome Military Linguist Shortages to Enhance Information Operations. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2002. 25 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA400907
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 B415L
Beleaga, Constantin Emilian. The Role of Cultural Understanding and Language Training in Unconventional Warfare. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. 83 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA429682
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 B428r
Bledsoe, Elizabeth E. The Use of Culture in Operational Planning. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 2005. 74 p.
Dealing with the local population, such as the Iraqi Shi'ites, inevitably leads to a crash course in the local culture. However, cultural knowledge is neither significantly used nor considered during operational planning and is not referenced during execution until the primary conflict is over. Instead of being an afterthought, the author suggests that cultural knowledge should be one of the primary considerations in operational planning.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA436485
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 B646u
Bohm, Jason Quinton. Complacency Kills: The Need for Improvement in the Way the Marine Corps Prepares for Future Conflict. Quantico, VA, Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2001. 71 p.
Although the Marine Corps’ focus should remain on developing combat readiness, it must do more to properly prepare for future MOOTW. Author identifies a number of recommendations that the Marine Corps should take in achieving this goal. They include standardizing cultural awareness training and expanding the Marine Corps foreign language program.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401238
Doc. call no.: M-U 41886-71 B676c
Chandler, Jennifer V. Why Culture Matters: An Empirically-Based Pre-Deployment Training Program. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005. 105 p.
Presents a systems approach to analyzing the operational environment considers the current situation and the military mission in the context of geographic, societal, political, economic, military, paramilitary, security, and historical dynamics. This approach also analyzes culture through cross-cultural communications training.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA439382
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 C455w
Chowning, Scott D. The Clash of Cultures. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 2003. 29 leaves.
Examines three cases from Korea [to Vietnam] to Kosovo to explore the implications of past failings to understand culture.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43122 C552c
Csicsila, Michael A. Using BATs, CATs, and RATs to Defeat Transnational Terrorist and Control Ungoverned Space. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 2006. 59 p.
Lawrence of Arabia was sent to a remote area of the world to learn about its culture and people. His and other governments found that deploying individuals for extended periods was an economical way to gain an in-depth understanding of a remote area and develop a relationship with the local power brokers. Author argues that the US needs to reintroduce this practice to wage its Global War on Terrorism more effectively.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA437568
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 C958u
Davidson, Michael L. Culture and Effects-Based Operations in an Insurgency. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, May 2005. 60 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA437568
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 D253c
Evans, Michael R. Clear, Hold and Build: The Role of Culture in the Creation of Local Security Forces. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 2006. 69 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA450083
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 E923c
Gordon, James A. Cultural Assessments and Campaign Planning. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 2004. 56 p.
Examines case studies of actions in Vietnam, Somalia, Haiti, and Iraq, and argues that the United States either misunderstood or did not appropriately consider cultural aspects in planning campaigns.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA429762
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 G6631c
Haschak, Kirk J. Manning the Limes: Preparing Officers for Operating on the Strategic Perimeter. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 2006. 21 p.
Studies historical successes and failures of Army operations in light of the cultural preparedness of the officers involved, and examines areas where better cultural awareness could have facilitated operations.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449349
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 H344m
Hudson, Jeff D. and Warman, Steven A. Transforming the American Soldier: Educating the Warrior-Diplomat. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005. 73 p.
Authors examine the current levels of cultural understanding and irregular warfare being taught in U.S. Army conventional military schools.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA435524
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 H885t
Jackson, Matthew J. Swimming with the Natives: Cultural Immersion and Its Applications for Naval Special Warfare. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. 101 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA427334
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 J131s
Kamorski, Michael W. A Study of the Need for Cross-Cultural Capability Development in the Members of the United States Military. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. 78 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA463852
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 K157s
Leardi, Joseph L. Influence of the First Crusade on the Current Situation in the Middle East.
Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, June 2006. 106 p.
Although Muslim and American scholars agree on some of the basic facts about the First Crusade, their historical interpretations of who did what and who was justified starkly contrast with each other. This gap highlights part of the current problem in the Middle East.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA463854
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 L438i
Lewis, Brett G. Developing Soldier Cultural Competency. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 2006. 19 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449393
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 L6732d
Peltier, Isaac J. Surrogate Warfare: The Role of U.S. Army Special Forces. Fort Leavenworth, KS, School of Advanced Military Studies, Army Command and General Staff College, 2005. 42 p.
Analysis of the two most recent campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq suggest that cultural awareness and regional expertise are critical to conducting surrogate warfare, as well as the ability to function as an operational-level joint headquarters capable of planning and supporting an unconventional warfare campaign.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA436109
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 P393s
Pepper, Joseph Jr. Winning the Counterinsurgency Fight in Iraq: The Role of Political Culture in Counterinsurgency Warfare 2003-2006 in Iraq.
Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 2006. 65 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA450481
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 P4241w
Perkins, Dennis A. Cultural Knowledge: The Key to Intelligence Analysis in Asymmetric Warfare. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2006. 14 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 P448c
Rogers, Stephen C. Improving Information Operations with a Military Cultural Analyst. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies., January 2005. 50 p.
International marketing and advertising agencies have developed effective organizational structures, techniques, and procedures to share their ideas with people across a vast array of cultures, all with the intent of inducing a predetermined action. Gleaning the pertinent lessons from the international marketing model can help the Army empower tactical and operational commanders with the tools necessary to better understand the culture of a country, region, or area of operations.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA436283
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 R729i
Strader, O. Kent. Culture: The New Key Terrain Integrating Cultural Competence into JIPB.
Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 2006. 81 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA450632
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 S895c
Sulehri, Waqas A. Americans' Views of the Muslim World: Realities and Fallacies. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006. 119 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA462694
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 S9496a
Trabun, Michael A. When the West Meets Islam: Cultural Issues and Considerations for the Regional Combatant Commander. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, May 2004. 25 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425936
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 T758w
Trahan, James R. Cultural Analysis: The Need for Improved Methodologies and Doctrine. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2002. 31 p.
"Current Joint Doctrine does not offer a concise definition or clear methodology for the consistent identification and analysis of cultural factors. Current CINCs and major operational units rely on a combination of intelligence section research and the use of various regional experts to identify and assess militarily significant aspects of culture. There is a need for a consistent and effective analysis approach to improve operational planning in limited objective and MOOTW operations involving non-Western cultures."
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA409129
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 T765c
Williams, Timothy R. Culture -- We Need Some of That!: Cultural Knowledge and Army Officer Professional Development. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2006. 19 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA448821
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 W7271c
Bailliet, Cecilia. "War in the Home": An Exposition of Protection Issues Pertaining to the Use of House Raids in Counterinsurgency Operations. Journal of Military Ethics 6:173-197 September 2007.
Reviews accounts of the execution of house raids contained in the military literature and compares them to the testimony of soldiers and observers recorded in the media. Further, it highlights the specific human rights and humanitarian standards addressing terror, arbitrary intrusion into the home, violations of honor, and humiliation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of taking into account gender and cultural considerations to properly address the interests of family members - i.e., women, children, and the elderly who are most affected by house raids.
Also available online at: http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=1502%2d7570&volume=6&issue=3&spage=173
Baker, Jason B. Winning Hearts with Cultural Awareness. Soldiers 58:29 July 2003.
Cultural awareness was one of the primary weapons the Army wanted to use to win the hearts and minds of Iraq's people. With this in mind, members of the 313th Military Intelligence Battalion were taught few Arabic greetings and written Arabic words. The instructors hoped that the training would go beyond just teaching the soldiers a few terms, but also help them understand the Middle East while erasing preconceived stereotypes or myths about Arabs.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=383844121&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Bedsole, Timothy K. Religion: The Missing Dimension in Mission Planning. Special Warfare 19:8-15 November-December 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1184142561&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Bigge, Lauren. Native Tongues: New Guard Program Taps Arab-American Communities to Surmount Language, Cultural Barriers U. S. Troops Face in the Middle East. National Guard 60:28-29 October 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1169291021&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Bonvillain, Dorothy Guy. Cultural Awareness and WOT. Field Artillery Journal 12:22-27 March-April 2007.
Discusses the importance of cultural awareness training for military personnel doing military operations in Iraq.
Boraz, Steven C. Behind the Curve in Culture-Centric Skills. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 131:41-45 June 2005.
The Navy must overhaul the Foreign Area Officer program to address the issue of how to improve the Navy's culture-centric warfare skills. The Air Force FAO program was recently reconstituted under the International Affairs Specialist program.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=17221614&site=ehost-live
Bore, Henri. Cultural Awareness and Irregular Warfare: French Army Experience in Africa. Military Review 86:108-111 July-August 2006.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=22351108&site=ehost-live
Boyd, Curtis D. A Unique Organization: The 3rd Battalion, 1st Special Warfare Training Group. Special Warfare 16:12-18 August 2003.
The Group's mission is to train and educate initial-entry enlisted soldiers and officers in Civil Affairs and in Psychological Operations, to conduct regional-studies courses that will increase students' cultural awareness of the regions to which they may be assigned, and to conduct language training for Army special-operations forces and other personnel in the Department of Defense.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=543888511&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Burgess, Richard R. Cultural Links: Foreign Area Officers Help Forge Relationships Between U.S. Forces and Indigenous Populations. Sea Power 48:22-24 November 2005.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=925438301&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Burton, Janice. Transforming Robin Sage: Exercise to Incorporate TTPs (Tactics, Techiques and
Procedures), Language and Culture Scenarios, Shorter Schedule. Special Warfare 19:11-13 January-February 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=991065081&sid=10&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Burton, Janice L. Language Transformation Plan to Build Culturally Savvy Soldiers. Special Warfare 18:14-17 September 2005.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=913086901&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Cavallaro, Gina. Role Reversal: Afghan Troops Bring Lessons to U.S. Soil. Army Times 67:16 February 5, 2007.
Reports on the two-week military mission of Afghan soldiers to train and advise U.S. service members about the way of doing business in Afghanistan.
Charkowske, Kevin M. Practical Impacts and Effectiveness of Cultural Intelligence. Marine Corps Gazette 89:20-23 October 2005.
Overall cultural intelligence had a significant impact on the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit's success in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Iraq. Aspects of culture and behavior extend beyond the "meet and greet" mentality for which cultural intelligence is often used. Author discusses how cultural intelligence facilitated mission accomplishment in support of Operations Unified Assistance and Iraqi Freedom III.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=916373361&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Collins, John M. Special Operations Forces in Peacetime. Joint Force Quarterly
No. 21:56-61 Spring 1999 .
Looks at functions that the Special Operations Forces can perform during peacetime, and the advantage that SOF have over conventional forces in situations that demand cultural awareness.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=2711945&site=ehost-live
Connable, Alfred B. The Expeditionary FAO. Marine Corps Gazette 89:51-53 March 2005.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=807414911&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Conway, John L. The View from the Tower of Babel: Air Force Foreign Language Posture for Global Engagement. Air & Space Power Journal 19:57-69 Summer 2005.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=17204370&site=ehost-live
Cox, Matthew. Talking Their Talk: Soldiers Should Learn Locals' Language, TRADOC Leader Says. Army Times 66:8 December 26, 2005.
Crawley, Vince. Experience Fosters Cultural Awareness. Army Times 65:16 July 4, 2005.
Croot, Edward C. Digging Deeper. Special Warfare 20:26-29 March-April 2007.
For soldiers going through the Special Forces Qualification Course, and those already in the field, one of the most critical lessons is the importance of understanding and embracing the culture of the area where they will be operating.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1256751371&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Danelo, David J. The Linguistic Tipping Point. Marine Corps Gazette 89:30 October 2005.
Argues that the Corps needs to identify the tipping point that will enable Marines to learn languages and culture quickly in order to operate more effectively in the current counterinsurgency environment.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=916372711&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Egnell, Robert. Explaining US and British Performance in Complex Expeditionary Operations: The Civil-Military Division. Journal of Strategic Studies 29:1041-1075 December 2006.
Opines that the US military's "Huntingtonian" model of "divided civil-military structures and poor interagency cooperation" makes it less suited for complex expeditionary operations than the British military, with its "Janowitzean" integrated form of civil-military relations. Argues that it leads to British troops "displaying the flexibility and cultural and political understanding that are necessary in complex expeditionary operations."
Also available online at: http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=0140%2d2390&volume=29&issue=6&spage=1041
Elder, Ralph E. Arab Culture and History: Understanding Is the First Key to Success. Armor 116:42-44 January-February 2007.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1215730131&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Elkhamri, Mounir. Dealing with the Iraqi Populace: An Arab-American Soldier's Perspective. Military Review 87:110-113 January-February 2007.
Reflects on the importance of cultural and human factors to the success of the counterinsurgency in Iraq. According to the author, cultural training should represent a large portion of the soldiers' predeployment training, especially for maneuver and civil affairs units.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=24333088&site=ehost-live
Erwin, Sandra I. U.S. Military Training Fails to Grasp Foreign Cultures, Says Rep. Skelton. National Defense 88:16 June 2004.
According to Rep Ike Skelton, a thorough lack of understanding of the Iraqi culture has contributed to US setbacks in the occupation of Iraq. He further stresses that to better prepare for future operations in foreign lands, DoD should put more effort into cultural awareness training programs.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=651305601&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Fast, Barbara G. Always Out Front. Military Intelligence 31:2-7 January-March 2005.
Focuses on grappling with the complexity of total environment and threat as the most important aspects of intelligence support to operations, the difficulty of understanding the environment and identifying the most significant aspects of various elements of the environment for every operation, and the need for all soldiers to develop an awareness of the indigenous culture.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=18530515&site=ehost-live
Fedyszyn, Thomas R. COs Must Be Educated Citizens of the World. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 131:63-65 February 2005.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=15938841&site=ehost-live
Freakley, Benjamin C. Cultural Awareness and Combat Power. Infantry 94:1-2 March-April 2005.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=850017491&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Galgano, Francis A. Jr. Join the Army and See the World. Academe 93:34-37 July-August 2007.
Reports on the integration of the study of culture into the cadet learning experience at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=25990757&site=ehost-live
Gerwehr, Scott. Cross-Cultural Variation in Denial and Deception. Defense Intelligence Journal 15, no. 2:51-78 2006.
Goldstein, Evan R. Professors on the Battlefield. Wall Street Journal 250:W11 August 17, 2007.
Discusses the relationship between the academe and the armed forces, and the U.S. Department of Defense's Human Terrain System. The system embeds social scientists with brigades in Afghanistan and Iraq, where they serve as cultural advisers to brigade commanders. The initiative was led by General David H. Petraeus, commander of the multinational forces in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1321502721&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Gooren, Robert H. E. Soldiering in Unfamiliar Places: The Dutch Approach. Military Review 86:54-60 March-April 2006.
Cultural training is part of the curriculum for every member of the Armed Forces in the Netherlands. Requirements include basic knowledge of the cultural heritage, history, and local customs of the mission era, along with necessary communication skills.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=20673843&site=ehost-live
Grace, Jean. "The New Army." National Defense 90:38-41 May 2006.
As they train for combat in mock Middle Eastern villages, soldiers find that their fighting skills often cannot make up for a shortage of interpreters and a poor understanding of Iraqi culture.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1040340051&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Hajjar, Remi. The Army's New TRADOC Culture Center. Military Review 86:89-92 November-December 2006.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=24333111&site=ehost-live
Hernandez, Prisco. Developing Cultural Understanding in Stability Operations: A Three-Step Process. Field Artillery Journal 12:5-10 January-February 2007.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1230303701&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Higgins, James B. Culture Shock: Overhauling the Mentality of the Military. Marine Corps Gazette 90:48-50 February 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=986662741&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Hilburn, Matt. Bridging the Divide: A New Center's Mission Is to Create Marines Adept at Traversing Unfamiliar Cultural Terrain. Sea Power 48:30-32 December 2005.
Describes the Center for Advanced Operational Culture Learning, the purpose of which is to make Marines familiar with the language, customs, and mores of the populations they are likely to encounter.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=942125271&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Jaffe, Greg. In Iraq, One Officer Uses Cultural Skills to Fight Insurgents. Wall Street Journal 246:A1-10 November 15, 2005.
Describes the job of cultural experts in the US Army, and reviews one officer's work near the Iraq-Syria border. Cultural experts dress in civilian clothes and speak native languages. US officials say that the officer described will spend the rest of his career in the Middle East, operating alone in often hostile territory.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=926383261&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Johnson, Lee. A Baker's Dozen: Some Arabic Words and Phrases with Cultural Notes. Marine Corps Gazette 90:21-22 August 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1095751181&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Johnson, Lee. Build Trust Through Communication. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 131:54-56 January 2005.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=15591973&site=ehost-live
Jumper, John P. Cultural Awareness for an Expeditionary Military: Air Force Speeches, 5p. June 23, 2004.
Kennedy, Harold. Leathernecks Sharpen Focus on Cultural Awareness. National Defense 90:46-47 March 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1003549401&sid=7&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Kipp, Jacob and and others. The Human Terrain System: A CORDS for the 21st Century. Military Review 86:8-15 September-October 2006.
Describes the Human Terrain System being managed by the Foreign Military Studies Office, a U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command organization. The HTS aims to address cultural awareness shortcomings at the operational and tactical levels.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=23055986&site=ehost-live
Krauss, Joel B. Cultural Awareness: In Stability and Support Operations. Infantry 89:15-17 January-April 1999.
When it comes to preparing soldiers for missions intended to provide a stabilizing presence in various locations, there is a missing element: cultural awareness. Article describes ways to prepare soldiers for ethnic conflict, humanitarian relief operations, and disaster assistance.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=46244356&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Leslie, Mark S. Cultural Understanding: The Cornerstone of Success in a COIN Environment. Infantry 96:7-12 July-August 2007.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1379120661&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Leslie, Mark S. Integrating Cultural Sensitivity into Combat Operations. Armor 116:35-38 January-February 2007.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1215730111&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Lively, James W. Cultural Education. Marine Corps Gazette 91:21-24 April 2007.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1253257721&sid=5&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Lucius, Robert E. What Have You Done for Me Lately? Marine Corps Gazette 91:41-45
Reports on the increasing contributions of the Marine foreign area officers program to the U.S. Marine Corps, and discusses the importance of
the FAO program in establishing cultural intelligence to the Corps.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1312211831&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Marine Corps Expanding Role For GWOT. Defense Daily 227:1 August 3, 2005.
To further education on cultural awareness, the Marine Corps stood up in May 2005 a center for Advanced Operational Cultural Learning at Quantico, Va.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=877364291&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
McConnell, Richard A., Watson, Christopher L., and Clemmer, Brent A. The MiTT (Military Transition Team) and Its "Human Terrain." Field Artillery Journal 12:11-14 January-February 2007.
Based on the authors' experiences mentoring and coaching both an IA battalion and the Iraqi police with whom the IA operates to improve security in Mosul, Iraq. The article presents a few ideas about fostering teamwork within the human terrain in Mosul.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1230303711&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
McFarland, Maxie. Military Cultural Education. Military Review 85:62-69 March-April 2005.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16782892&site=ehost-live
McFate, Montgomery. Anthropology and Counterinsurgency: The Strange Story of Their Curious Relationship. Military Review 85:24-38 March-April 2005.
Role of anthropology in national-security establishment; impact of cultural and social knowledge on military operations; factors that affect the outcome of military operations.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16782859&site=ehost-live
McFate, Montgomery. The Military Utility of Understanding Adversary Culture. Joint Force Quarterly No. 38:42-48 Summer 2005.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=17583830&site=ehost-live
McFate, Montgomery and Jackson, Andrea. An Organizational Solution for DoD's Cultural Knowledge Needs. Military Review 85:18-21 July-August 2005.
The need for cultural and social knowledge has been increasingly recognized within the armed services. While much of this knowledge is available inside and outside the government, there is no systematic way to access or coordinate information from these sources. Authors detail how to develop a specialized organization within DoD to produce, collect, and centralize cultural knowledge.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=902580341&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
McIntosh, Scott E. Building a Second-Half Team: Securing Cultural Expertise for the Battlespace. Air & Space Power Journal 21:61-70 Spring 2007.
Argues that the United States needs nonkinetic, "softer" solutions, such as civil affairs, public affairs, and psychological operations--informed by cultural expertise--to meet its national-security objectives in present and future conflicts.
Also available online at: http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj07/spr07/mcintoshspr07.html
Mulrine, Anna. Planning and Training for the Post-"Surge". U. S. News & World Report 143:30-31 September 3, 2007.
Highlights the efforts of U.S. troops in Iraq to prepare for the role of advising Iraqi soldiers and police. Increased emphasis is being placed on language instruction, and recognition of cultural differences between Sunni and Shia locals.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=26360647&site=ehost-live
NATO Planning Alliance-Wide Cultural Awareness Training Initiative. Inside the Pentagon 22:1+ September 28, 2006.
Naylor, Sean D. Progress, with Caution: In Western Iraq, U. S. Troops Work to Gain the Trust of Locals, Chip Away at Insurgency. Army Times 67:16+ September 25, 2006.
Naylor, Sean D. Training Ordered: Command Follows Charge Troops in Afghanistan Burned Taliban Bodies. Army Times 66:10 November 7, 2005.
Nett, Robert B. Ambassadors to the World: Cultural Awareness for Americans in Uniform. Infantry 94:18-19 November-December 2005.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=973269421&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Paul, Matthew C. Tactical Questioning. Infantry 95:22-25 January-February 2006.
Recommendations for U.S. soldiers on questioning Iraqi citizens in different age groups to gather intelligence information. Soldiers must be cognizant of local customs and behaviors before engaging in conversation with the populace.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1017981701&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Perceptive Protocol: Top 10 Cultural Faux Pas. Airman 50:28-29 Spring 2006.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=20726441&site=ehost-live
Peters, Katherine McIntire. Culture Club. Government Executive 39:13-15 April 1, 2007.
Nearly four years into the war in Iraq, US forces have a deep appreciation for the importance of understanding foreign cultures. But the Marine Corps is attempting to teach something more ambitious than cultural sensitivity or cultural awareness. Through professional leadership schools and pre-deployment tactical training, the service is systematically trying to teach Marines at all levels how to understand local human dynamics in order to accomplish the mission more effectively, not just avoid mistakes. Instead of teaching Marines about superficial behavioral codes and the history, beliefs and theology of Islam, Center for Advanced Operation Culture Learning (CAOCL) aims to teach more about how Islam is practiced today in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1257595851&sid=5&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Puertas, Lorenzo. Corporal Jones and the Moment of Truth. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 130:42-44 November 2004.
This article focuses on the need for cultural training of U.S. soldiers to ensure they make the right decisions while patrolling. Stories from Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq demonstrate that these lessons often are painfully relearned, time and time again, by each new rotation of troops. This information must first come through formal training and a cultural orientation to the battlespace, the enemy, and the civilian population.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=15035520&site=ehost-live
Salmoni, Barak A. Advances in Predeployment Culture Training: The U.S. Marine Corps Approach. Military Review 86:79-88 November-December.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=24333110&site=ehost-live
Salmoni, Barak A. Beyond Hearts and Minds: Culture Matters. U.s. Naval Institute Proceedings 130:54-56+ November 2004.
Operation Iraqi Freedom is a multifaceted war in which U.S. troops not only must root out insurgents — as was accomplished in this Fallujah enclave — but must be trained to grasp indigenous mores, mind-sets, and means of operating. Success in 21st-century conflicts increasingly will depend on understanding the larger cultural picture.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=15035524&site=ehost-live
Sappenfield, Mark. How Iraq, Afghanistan Changed War 101: A College for Officers at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. Draws on the Experience of Those Fighting the War on Terror. Christian Science Monitor page 2, June 28, 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1067823701&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Sappenfield, Mark. What the US Wants in
Its Troops: Cultural Savvy. Christian Science Monitor, p 1, July 5, 2006.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1071463151&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Sargent, Ron. Strategic Scouts for Strategic Corporals. Military Review 85:12-17 March-April 2005.
Since the Vietnam War, US military operations have largely occurred in full view of the public and as a result, the Army must change if it wishes to maintain strategic legitimacy in faraway lands, as it simply cannot afford to collaterally alienate the people it tries to influence, liberate, protect, or aid. Author claims that throughout history, conventional military forces have rarely fared well operating in regions where indigenous cultures are significantly different from their own.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=16782849&site=ehost-live
Scales, Robert H. Jr. Culture-Centric Warfare. United States Naval Institute Proceedings 130:32-36 October 2004.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=732184181&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Skelton, Ike and Cooper Jim. You're Not from Around Here, Are You? Joint Force Quarterly Issue 36:12-16 December 2004.
"Operating in a foreign land can be a minefield. Few members of the Armed Forces will be familiar with cultural traditions of the countries in which they operate. Yet violation of local norms and beliefs can turn a welcoming population into a hostile mob."
Also available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/0436.pdf
Strader, O. Kent. The Role of the American Advisor. Armor 114:18-22 November-December 2005.
Discusses the principles on becoming successful military advisors in the U.S. Significance of cultural awareness and sensitivity to advisors; respect of the Muslim religion and history; need for negotiation skills.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=933564001&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Tebrugge, Kimberly. Beyond Words: Students Embrace New Languages and Cultures. Airman 49:28-32 Fall 2005.
Describes a military training program offered by the Defense Language Institute to guide military students toward understanding foreign languages and ideas.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=18852471&site-ehost-live
Tiron, Roxana. Army Criticized for Not Learning From Past Wars. National Defense 89:16-17 September 2004.
The US Army must do a better job applying lessons from one conflict to another, said a senior military strategist. Events in Iraq, particularly, prove that the Army needs to reform its educational institutions to teach officers analytical skills and cultural awareness, said retired Maj Gen Robert Scales, a former commandant of the Army's War College, in testimony to the House Armed Services Committee.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=698207851&Fmt=7&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Vanotten, George A. Culture Matters. Military Intelligence 31:30-37 January-March 2005.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=18530537&site=ehost-live
Wunderle, William. How to Negotiate in the Middle East. Military Review 87:33-37 March-April 2007.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1248982331&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Zeman, P. M. Goat-Grab Diplomacy in Iraq. U.s. Naval Institute Proceedings 131:20-25 November 2005.
In Iraq, civil affairs is generally associated with all non-tactical operations that affect the local populace. What is not commonly addressed is the requirement for engagement on all tactical levels, particularly at the battalion-commander level. In the absence of any credibly enforced civil law, Iraqi tribal law controlled by the tribal sheiks can re-establish and strengthen local area security significantly.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&AN=18805096&site=ehost-live
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