OPERATION RESTORE (UPHOLD) DEMOCRACY -- HAITI

September 19, 1994 - March 31, 1995

December 2001

Compiled by Janet L. Seymour
Bibliographer, Air University Library
Maxwell AFB, AL

Contents

The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Air Force of this Web site or the information, products, or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and morale, welfare and recreation sites, the U.S. Air Force does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DoD Web site.

All sites last accessed December 10, 2001.

Operation Uphold Democracy began in September 1994 with the deployment of the U.S.-led Multinational Force. The operation officially ended on March 31, 1995 when it was replaced by the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). However, a large contingent of U.S. troops (USFORHAITI) participated in the UNMIH until 1996 (and the U.S forces commander was also the commander of the UN forces). UN forces under various mission names have been in Haiti from 1995 through 2000.

The operation was originally planned as a forced invasion but it became a permissive entry operation. At least two joint task forces (JTF 180 and JTF 190) were involved. For this and other reasons, the operation name may sometimes vary in the literature.

Internet Resources

Haiti: A Case Study in Post-Cold War Peacekeeping.
Available at: http://sfswww.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/isd/files/haiti.htm
Offers a nine page report made by Ambassador James F. Dobbins, Special Advisor on Haiti, U.S. Dept. of State in September 1995 at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Conference.

Haiti Maps.
Available at: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/haiti.html
Offers nine maps of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, and Cap-Haitien from the Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin.

The Road to U.S. Intervention in Haiti.
Available at: http://www.cdi.org/adm/Transcripts/802/
Provides the transcript of a program produced by the Center for Defense Information and televised on September 25, 1994. Offered commentary by Elliott Abrams (former Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs), Harriet Babbitt (U.S. Ambassador to the OAS), Jean-Claude Martineau (spokesman for President Aristide), and others.

Books

Check the online catalog for availability of these books.

Ballard, John R. Upholding Democracy: The United States Military Campaign in Haiti, 1994-1997. Westport, CT, Praeger, 1998. 263 p.
Book call no.: 972.94073 B189u

Europa World Year Book 1999. London, Europa Publications Limited, 1999. 2 vols.
Volume One: Haiti -- Recent History (provides background and dates to the intervention), pp 1658-1663.
Book call no.: R 940.503 E892 40th ed. v.1 1999

Fishel, John T. Civil Military Operations in the New World. Westport, CT, Praeger, 1997. 269 p.
The Intervasion of Haiti, pp 209-233 (includes sections on the political context, the planning, and the unity of command and effort).
Book call no.: 355.34 F532c

Haitian Frustrations: Dilemmas for U.S. Policy, edited by Georges A. Fauriol. Washington, Center for Strategic & International Studies, 1995. 236 p.
Meeting the Post-Intervention Challenges, pp 125-136.
Book call no.: 327.730794 H153

Hayes, Margaret and Wheatley, Gary F. Interagency and Political-Military Dimensions of Peace Operations: Haiti, a Case Study. Washington, National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies--Directorate of Advanced Concepts, Technologies, and Information Strategies, 1996. 65 p.
Book call no.: 327.7307294 H418i

Perusse, Roland I. Haitian Democracy Restored, 1991-1995. New York, University Press of America, 1995. 170 p.
Haitian Policy in Crisis, pp 69-80.
UN-Sanctioned Intervention, pp 97-112.
Lessons in Conflict Resolution, pp 125-142.
Book call no.: 320.97294 P471h

Shacochis, Bob. The Immaculate Invasion. New York, Viking, 1999. 408 p.
Book call no.: 972.94073 S524i

"The Savage Wars of Peace": Toward a New Paradigm of Peace Operations, edited by John T. Fishel. Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1998. 244 p.
The US and the UN in Haiti: The Limits of Intervention, by Thomas K. Adams, pp 175-194.
Book call no.: 341.584 S264

United States. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Armed Services. Haiti. Hearing. 103rd Congress, 2nd session, hearing held October 7, 1994. Washington, GPO, 1995. 100 p.
Book call no.: 327.7307294 U581h

United States. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. Policy Toward, and Presence in, Haiti. Hearings and Markup. 103rd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, GPO, September 1994. 96 p.
Includes text of H.J. Res 416 authorizing participation in Haiti, letter from Gen. Shalikashvili about Haiti, timetable for transition, etc.
Book call no.: 327.7307294 U581ua

United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. The Caribbean Basin: Economic and Security Issues: Study Papers. Report. 102nd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, GPO, 1993. 399 p.
Haiti's Troubled Path Towards Democracy and U.S. Policy Concerns, by Mareen Taft-Morales, pp 104-121.
Book call no.: 330.9729 C277

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs. Implementation and Costs of U.S. Policy in Haiti. Hearing. 104th Congress, 1st session. Washington, GPO, March 1995. 85 p.
Book call no.: 327.7307294 U58i

Documents

Documents are located across the lobby in the East Wing of the library.

Army War College (U.S.) Strategic Studies Institute. Haiti Strategy: Control, Legitimacy, Sovereignty, Rule of Law, Handoffs, and Exit, by Gabriel Marcella. Carlisle Barracks, PA, October 1994. 9 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-558

Army War College (U.S.) Strategic Studies Institute. Reconciling the Irreconcilable: The Troubled Outlook for U.S. Policy Toward Haiti, by Donald E.Schulz and Gabriel Marcella. Carlisle Barracks, PA, March 1994. 62 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-526

Army War College (U.S.) Strategic Studies Institute. Whither Haiti?, by Donald E. Schulz. Carlisle Barracks, PA, April 1996. 52 p.
Reviews the prospects for political stability, democratization, and socioeconomic development with sobering conclusions.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-603

Barnes, James F. Strategy for Haiti -- Security and Sustainability. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air War College, April 1995. 34 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43117 B2612s

Bolton, Clinton S. Military Operations Other than War: The Civil Military Operations Center in Operation Support Democracy. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 1997. 20 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 B694m

Bright, Randall R. Do We Walk Our Talk? A Study on Operational Art in the Joint Operational Planning and Execution System. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College. School of Advanced Airpower Studies, 1996. 63 p.
Operation Uphold Democracy (examines its planning process for operations), pp 19-30.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43998-1 B855d

Center for Army Lessons Learned (U.S.). Operation Uphold Democracy: Initial Impressions.. Fort Leavenworth, KS, July 1995. 3 vols.
Volume One: Haiti, D-20 to D+40.
Volume Two: Haiti, D-20 to D+150.
Volume Three: Haiti, The U.S. Army and United Nations Peacekeeping.
Doc. call no.: M-U 44208

Center for Naval Analyses. The Intervasion of Haiti, by Adam B. Siegel. Alexandria, VA, August 1996. 44 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 31914-27 no.539

Center for Naval Analyses. Operation Uphold Democracy: Conflict and Cultures, by E. D. McGrady and John S. Ivancovich. Alexandria, VA, 1997. 39 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 31914-27 no.541.10

Center for Naval Analyses. Operation Uphold Democracy: Observations on Joint Assault Forces Operated from a CV, by E. D. McGrady and Robert E. Sullivan. Alexandria, VA, July 1996. 50 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 31914-40 no.96-3

Cox, Alexander A. The Strategic Use of Military Force: Was the Strategic Use of Force in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century a Model for the U.S. Army and Operations Other than War? A Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. 55 p.
Haiti: Operation Uphold Democracy, pp 33-36.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 C877s

Davis, Donnie G. Toward the Future of Theater Airlift Doctrine: Case Studies of Theater Airlift Doctrine in Operation Uphold Democracy and Operation Joint Endeavor. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College. School of Advanced Airpower Studies, 1998. 64 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43998-1 D261t

Gonzalez, Emilio T. Intervention and Occupation in Haiti: A Case Study in Irregular Warfare. Newport, RI, Naval War College, June 1994. 30 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 G643i

Hall, Warren D., III. The Obligation to Protect Human Rights: A New Legal Requirement for Commanders?. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 1996. 36 p.
Discusses whether U.S. forces were legally required to correct human rights violations in Haiti. Based on the incident during Operation Uphold Democracy involving Captain Rockwood.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 H181o

Howard, Clyde I. U.S. Military Intervention in Latin America: Past and Future. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 1999. 21 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 H848u

Johnson, Ronald M. Application of Aspects of Unconventional Warfare: Tools for Engaging the Current and Future Threat Trends of the Post-Cold War Environment. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1999 144 p.
Especially note "Unconventional Warfare Operations during Operation Uphold Democracy.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 J683a

Montgomery, Paul J. Force Selection for Obtaining Lodgment in a MOOTW Environment: A Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies, 1997. 50 p.
Operation Uphold Democracy is used as an example throughout the paper and discussed in terms of its methodology, doctrine, and analysis.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 M788f

O'Neal, Julie Johnette. U.S. Intervention in Grenada, Panama, and Haiti: A Social Constructionist Perspective. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 1996. 144 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 O581u

Pattee, Phillip G. Special Operations Forces and Non-State Actors in Operation Uphold Democracy: A Case Study. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. 112 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 P315s

Rapp, Jeffrey N. Intelligence Requirements for Military Operations Other than War. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 1998. 45 p.
Haiti and Nation Assistance (discusses the intelligence requirements of Operation Uphold Democracy), pp 19-21.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 R221i

Riehm, Peter Josef A. Suasion Through Military Presence: An Analysis of the Role of Presence in U.S.-Libyan Relations, 1977-1995. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. 204 p.
Examines military presence as an effective means of influencing conflicts. Uses Operation Support/Uphold Democracy in Haiti as an example (pp 1-10).
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 R555s

Shaw, Robert C. An Assessment of Conventional and Special Operations Forces in Integration in Haiti: A Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. 56 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 S535a

Shaw, Robert C. Special Operations Forces Doctrine in Haiti. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. 80 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 S535s

Strednansky, Susan E. Balancing the Trinity: The Fine Art of Conflict Termination. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College. School of Advanced Airpower Studies, February 1996. 51 p.
Haiti Case Study, pp 31-42.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43998-1a S915b

United States. Atlantic Command. Operation Uphold Democracy: Joint After Action Report (JAAR). Norfolk, VA, June 1995. 85 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 40390-26

United States. Army. Combined Arms Command. Foreign Military Studies Office. Planning for Haiti, by William W. Mendel and Stephan K. Stewman. Fort Leavenworth, KS, June 1993. 1 vol.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43829-114

Urquhart, Martin I. The Effectiveness of Human Intelligence in Operation Uphold Democracy. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1996. 121 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022 U79e

Wilkins, Aaron L. The Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC) in Operation Uphold Democracy (Haiti). Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 1997. 37 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43122 W684c

Williams, Pat L. Promoting Democracy: The United States and Haiti. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995. 106 p.
Offers background on Haiti's history, leaders at the time of intervention, maps, annexes, the U.S.-led intervention, and the current situation.
Especially note "Promoting Democracy: The United States and Haiti (1986-1995)", pp 43-78.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 W7263p

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Periodicals

AGORA: The 1994 U.S. Action in Haiti. American Journal of International Law 89:58-87 January 1995.

Archambault, Raoul. Joint Operations in Haiti. Army 45:22-27+ November 1995.

Armstrong, Edward R. Detainee Operations in Haiti During Operation Uphold Democracy. Military Police, pp 16-19, Winter 1995.

Asker, James R. U.S. Army Space Assets Get Workout in Haiti. Aviation Week & Space Technology 141:20 September 26, 1994.

Background Notes: Haiti. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 6:494-498 June 12, 1995.
Comprehensive profile of the Republic of Haiti prior to the intervention.

Baumann, Robert F. Operation Uphold Democracy: Power under Control. Military Review 77:13-21 July-August 1997.

Benson, Kevin C. M. Declaring Victory: Planning Exit Strategies for Peace Operations. Parameters 26:69-80 Autumn 1996.
Offers an overview of the operation.
Also available online at:  http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/96autumn/benson.htm

Bilski, Andrew and Downie, Andrew. The Siege of Haiti. Maclean's 107:16-17 August 15, 1994.
Events prior to the operation.

Bowers, Stephen R. Restoring Normalcy: Army Civil Affairs Specialists Played Critical Role in Haiti. Armed Forces Journal International 132:18 March 1995.

Brown, Stephen D. PSYOP (psychological operations) in Operation Uphold Democracy. Military Review 76:57-64+ September-October 1996.

Capaccio, Tony. "Commando Solo": Winning the Hearts and Minds of Haitians. Defense Week 15:1+ October 17, 1994.
Psyops activities.

Capaccio, Tony. New Pentagon Spy Service Conducted Operations in Haiti. Defense Week 16:1+ April 17, 1995.

Casper, Lawrence E. Flexibility, Reach, and Muscle: How Army Helicopters on a Navy Carrier Succeeded in Haiti. Armed Forces Journal International 132:40-41 January 1995.

Chacho, Tania. XVII Airborne CMISE (Corps Military Intelligence Support Element) Support in Haiti. Military Intelligence 21:14-17 April-June 1995.

Christopher, Warren. Haiti: Democratic Government Restored. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 5:717-719 October 24, 1994.
Fact sheet reviews the situation and announces executive order terminating efforts.

Clinton, William J. Clinton Offers Justification for Invasion of Haiti. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 52:2605-2606 September 17, 1994.

Clinton, William J. Haiti. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 30, no.38:1795-1808 September 26, 1994.
President's Radio Address, September 17, 1994, pp 1795-1796.
Address to the Nation on Haiti, pp 1799-1800.
Letter to Congressional Leaders on Haiti, pp 1801-1802.
President's News Conference with President Carter, General Powell, and Senator Nunn on Haiti, pp 1803-1808.

Clinton, William J. Haiti. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 30, no.41:2012-2026 October 17, 1994.
Letter to Congressional Leaders on Haiti (reviews the situation through October 1994), pp 2012-2021.
Executive Order 12932 -- Termination of Emergency with Respect to Haiti, pp 2025-2026.

Clinton, William J. Invasion of Haiti Canceled: Peaceful Entry Agreed Upon. Vital Speeches 60:740-741 October 1, 1994.

Clinton, William J. The Possible Invasion of Haiti: To Restore a Democratic Government. Vital Speeches 60:738-740 October 1, 1994.

Clinton, William J. and others. Presidential News Conference: Haiti Deal to Restore Democracy, Minimize Risk, Clinton Says. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 52:2722-2725 September 24, 1994.

Clinton, William J. Significant Developments in Haiti: Message from the President of the United States. Congressional Record 140:H2705-H2707 April 26, 1994.

Colaw, Becky. Occupation of Haiti: Week One. Airman 38:2-11 November 1994.

Cole, Ronald H. Grenada, Panama, and Haiti: Joint Operational Reform. Joint Force Quarterly No.20:57-64 Autumn-Winter 1998-1999.
Especially note "Haiti", pages 61-64.
Also available online at:  http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1220.pdf

Cole, Stephen V. Haiti: Invasion Averted by Carter Agreement. For Your Eyes Only No.353:1-2 October 3, 1994.
A chronology covering events from September 13-26, 1994.

Cooper, Dale B. High Noon in Haiti. Soldier of Fortune 20:32-35+ January 1995.

Cooper, Pat. Global C2 System Debuts in Haiti. Defense News 9:38 October 24-30, 1994.

Cushman, John H. Haiti Becomes a Turning Point. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 120:73-74 October 1994.
Describes the Joint Task Force Uphold Democracy mission and operational style.

Dobbins, James F. Assessing the Progress of Haitian Democracy. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 6:709-710 September 25, 1995.
Provides an assessment of the situation after the operation and during UNMIH (United Nations Mission in Haiti).

Doerrer, Eric A. Operational Vignette: Civil Affairs in Haiti. Military Review 76:73-75+ March-April 1996.

Doherty, Carroll J. As U.S. Troops Deploy Peacefully, Clinton's Battle Has Just Begun. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 52:2701-2705 September 24, 1994.

Dolinish, Gerald A. Logistics in Haiti. Army Logistician No.1:24-28 January-February 1996.
Also available online at:  http://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/Janfeb96/ms944.htm

Dominic, Carl. XVII Airborne Corps Intelligence Architecture in Haiti. Military Intelligence 21:13 April-June 1995.

Dow, Mark. Occupying and Obscuring Haiti. New Politics 5:12-26 Winter 1995.
Discusses two questions: 1) Why did the US intervene in Haiti September 1994? and 2)What is the goal of the occupation?

Dunn, James L. and Custer, Jon M. Operation Uphold Democracy: The Role of the SOCOORD (special-operations coordination element) as Part of a Joint Task Force. Special Warfare 8:26-37 July 1995.

Falcoff, Mark. What "Operation Restore Democracy" Restored. Commentary 101:45-48 May 1996.
Discusses the aftermath of Operation Restore/Uphold Democracy. Although the U.S. claims the operation was a huge success, democracy in Haiti is precarious at best.

Fishel, John T. Operation Uphold Democracy: Old Principles, New Realities. Military Review 77:22-30 July-August 1997.

Fulghum, David A. Controllers over Haiti Ease Occupation Chaos. Aviation Week & Space Technology 141:18-19 September 26, 1994.

Fulghum, David A. Massed Airborne Forces Aimed at Heart of Haiti. Aviation Week & Space Technology 141:71-72 October 10, 1994.

Galloway, Joseph L. Follow the Leaders. U.S. News & World Report 118:44-47 March 13, 1995.
Discusses the law and order brought to Haiti by U.S. and some of the duties performed by U.S. special forces during their stay.

Glennon, Michael J. Sovereignty and Community after Haiti: Rethinking the Collective Use of Force. American Journal of International Law 89:70-74 January 1995.

Goodman, Glen W., Jr. Redefining Joint Force Packages: Atlantic Command Continues JTF-95 Experiment Following Haiti Contingency. Armed Forces Journal International 132:10+ February 1995.

Greenwood, Thomas C. Commander's Intent: The Seed of Haitian Success. Marine Corps Gazette 79:43-44 February 1995.
Examines how a commander's intent guided task force actions and enhanced unit cohesion in Haiti.

Haiti. Military Technology 19:48-49 January 1995.

Haiti. Military Technology 22:45 January 1998.
Provides the expiration dates of the various UN missions in Haiti.

Haiti Intervention Tests Concept of Joint-Force Package. International Defense Review 27:5 November 1994.

Haiti: The Nightmare Next Door. Economist 332:19-21 September 24-30, 1994.

Halverson, Ronald R. and Bliese, Paul D. Determinants of Soldier Support for Operation Uphold Democracy. Armed Forces & Society 23:81-96 Fall 1996.

Henderson, Nancy C. Civil Affairs and Logistics in Haiti. Army Logistician No.3:20-23 May-June 1996.
Also available online at:  http://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/mayjun/ms922.htm

Hollis, Patrecia S. Projecting America's Military Might. Field Artillery, pp 6-9 April 1995.
Interview with LtGen Hugh Shelton.

Holzer, Robert. Haiti Offers First Test for Joint U.S. Force Concept. Defense News 9:1+ September 19-25, 1994.

Hudson, Neff and Nelson Soraya S. Women Have Larger Role in Newest Mission. Air Force Times 55:17 October 10, 1994.

Hughes, Christopher and Ziek, Thomas G. Cordon and Search Operations. Infantry 85:8-11 July-August 1995.

Ide, Douglas. Presence for Peace (American and coalition forces in Haiti). Soldiers 49:13-17 November 1994.

Isby, David C. Restoring Hope Yet Again? Military Intervention in Haiti. Jane's Intelligence Review 6:381-383 August 1994.

Ives, Kim. The Second U.S. Occupation (Haiti). NACLA Report on the Americas 28:6-10 January-February 1995.

Jones, Melvin R. Haiti Is Maneuver Welfare from the Sea. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 121:67-70 July 1995.

Jones, Thomas S. Review the Ingredients: Commander's Insights from Cap-Haitien. Marine Corps Gazette 79:55-59 July 1995.
Discusses the Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Caribbean which landed at Cap-Haitien Haiti on September 20, 1994.

Killebrew, Robert B. and Petraeus, David H. Winning the Peace: Haiti, the US, and the UN. Armed Forces Journal International 132:40-41 April 1995.

Kitfield, James. The Move to Haiti. Government Executive 26:65-66+ November 1994.

Klemens, Darren and Slaven, Kelly. Task Force Castle: Joint Engineer Operations in Haiti. Engineer 25:36-43 April 1995.

Livingstone, Neil C. A Haitian Intervention? The Pros and Cons. Sea Power 37:35-36 August 1994.

Maddox, Bill and Healy, Gerard. "Instant Advisers": Civil Affairs Team Assists Haitian Ministries. Special Warfare 8:29-31 October 1995.

Malone, David. Haiti and the International Community: A Case Study. Survival 39:126-146 Summer 1997.
Reviews the events leading up to the intervention. Especially note "Use of Force", pages 131-134.

Martin, Ian. Haiti: Mangled Multilateralism. Foreign Policy No.95:72-89 Summer 1994.
Describes the events and the missed opportunities prior to the intervention.

Masland, Tom and others. Caught in the Middle. Newsweek 124:36-38 October 10, 1994.
Police action on Haitian marchers prompt a review of U.S. mission.

Matthews, William. Haiti Mission Succeeded, Leaders Say. Air Force Times 56:12 March 11, 1996.
As US troops withdraw from participation in the UN mission (UNMIH), an assessment of the situation in Haiti is offered.

Matthews, William. Haiti Missions Win Praise. Air Force Times 55:22 October 17, 1994.
Mentions the accomplishments of the 2 1/2 week old operation.

Matthews, William. Military Rehearses for Haiti Invasion. Air Force Times 54:3 July 18, 1994.

Matthews, William. New Role for Warriors (civil affairs). Air Force Times 55:34 November 7, 1994.

Matthews, William. Operation in Haiti Ends. Air Force Times 56:6 April 29, 1996.
US withdraws from the UN mission UNMIH).

Matthews, William and Faram, Mark D. Setting Sail for Haiti (includes description of task force). Navy Times 43:8 October 11, 1993.

McDuffie, John M. Force XXI Corps Support. Army Logistician, pp 26-31 July-August 1995.
Reviews the activities and lessons learned of 1st Corps Support Command in Haiti. 1st Corps Support was designated the Joint Logistics Support Command during Operation Uphold Democracy.

McGeary, Johanna. Did the American Mission Matter? Time 147:36-39 February 19, 1996.
Provides information about the current state of affairs in Haiti and whether or not the U.S. peacekeeping mission made a difference.

Miles, Donna. One Army, Two Fronts. Soldiers 49:4-5 December 1994.

Miles, Donna. Upholding Democracy in Haiti. Soldiers 49:4-5 November 1994.

Morley, Morris and McGillion, Chris. "Disobedient" Generals and the Politics of Redemocratization: The Clinton Administration and Haiti. Political Science Quarterly 112:363-384 Fall 1997.
Offers background to the situation and decisions that led to the intervention.

Morris, Justin. Force and Democracy: UN/US Intervention in Haiti. International Peacekeeping 2:391-412 Autumn 1995.

Multinational Force Replaced by UN Peace-Keepers. UN Chronicle 32:4-6 June 1995.
On March 31, 1995, the Multinational Force (US Operation Uphold Democracy) handed over its responsibility to the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). This move was sanctioned by Security Council Resolution 975.

Muradian, Vago. Airmen Gear Up for Long Mission (in Haiti). Air Force Times 55:3+ October 10, 1994.

Muradian, Vago. Here We Go Again! This Time It's Haiti. Air Force Times 55:12-14+ October 3, 1994.

Naylor, Sean D. Down and Dirty in Haiti. Army Times 55:12-13 October 3, 1994.
Bradley tanks were sent to Haiti due to the lessons learned in Somalia more than from any expectations of hard opposition to the intervention.

Naylor, Sean D. Invasion (of Haiti) That Never Was. Army Times 56:12-14+ February 26, 1996.

Nelan, Bruce W. Road to Haiti. Time 144:32-38 October 3, 1994.

Nelson, Soraya S. Medics Fight to Keep Troops Healthy. Air Force Times 55:26 October 24, 1994.

Nelson, Soraya S. Troops Ailments Spur War on Mosquitoes (in Haiti). Air Force Times 55:30 December 19, 1994.

Orenstein, Catherine. Haiti Undone. NACLA Report on the Americas 33:10-12 November-December 1999.
Reviews the current situation in Haiti including the status of the government, the rise of violence in 1999, reviews the outing of the military regime in 1994, etc.

Packer, George. Why We Are in Haiti. Dissent 42:6-10 Winter 1995.

Perry Hails "Incredible Logistics Achievement" in Haiti. Aerospace Daily 171:497 September 28, 1994.

Peters, Katherine McIntire. Haitian Mission Is Smoothed by Psyops Getting Out the Word. Army Times 55:20 March 27, 1995.

Piskator, Gene. LCU (landing craft utility) Operations in Haiti. Army Logistician, pp 8-12, July-August 1995.

Quinn, John T. Marine Expedition to Haiti: September-October 1994. Marine Corps Gazette 79:50-54 July 1995.
Discusses the Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Caribbean which landed at Cap-Haitien Haiti on September 20, 1994.

Reisman, W. Michael. Haiti and the Validity of International Action. American Journal of International Law 89:82-84 January 1995.

Resolution 940, July 31, 1994 (Haiti). U.S. Department of State Dispatch 5:555-556 August 15, 1994.
Resolution sanctions the formation of the Multinational Force and the use of all necessary means to restore democracy in Haiti.

The Restoration of Democracy in Haiti. Foreign Policy Bulletin 5:3-33 November-December 1994.

Riccardelli, Richard F. Intelligence in Force-Projection Operations. Army 46:46-51 January 1996.
Describes the USA 82nd Airborne Division's role in the operation. Reviews the intelligence operations supporting Operation Uphold Democracy which was a force projection airbourne and air assault operation supported from the sea.

Robinson, Linda and Duffy, Brian. Dealing with a Bad Hand? (Haiti intervention). U.S. News & World Report 117:26-31 October 3, 1994.

Rosenberg, Eric. Behind the Scenes of the Invasion That Never Was. Defense Week 15:1+ September 26, 1994.

Rotberg, Robert I. Clinton Was Right (to go into Haiti). Foreign Policy No.102:135-141 Spring 1996.

Schellhammer, Michael W. Lessons from Operation Restore Democracy. Military Intelligence 22:18-20 January-March 1996.

Schneider, Mark L. Haiti's Recovery Program. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 5:753-755 November 7, 1994.

Shacochis, Bob. The Immaculate Invasion. Harper's 289:44-62 February 1995.
Analyses the invasion of Haiti by U.S. troops.

Shaw, Robert C. Integrating Conventional and Special Operations Forces. Military Review 77:37-41 July-August 1997.
Refers to the Haiti operation.

Shelton, Henry H. Contingency Operations in an Uncertain World: The Case of Haiti. Strategic Review 26:37-41 Fall 1998.
General Shelton, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, commanded the Joint Task Force that conducted Operation Uphold Democracy.

Smith, Gaddis. Haiti: From Intervention to Intervasion. Current History 94:54-58 February 1995.
Examines the U.S. military intervention in Haiti in terms of what is old and new in U.S. policy for the region.

Soares, Joao Clemente Baena. Birthpangs of Democracy. World Today 56:16-18 January 2000.
Discusses the democratic and human rights issues in Haiti, the reason for the American intervention, two missions of the UN, etc.

Sorenson, Theodore. Read Carefully: 10 Reasons to Invade Haiti. U.S. News & World Report 116:38-39 June 27, 1994.

Steele, Dennis. The U.S. Army in Haiti. Army 44:14-18 November 1994.

Stolley, Richard B. Our Man in Haiti (Gen Hugh Shelton). Life 17:56-60+ November 1994.

Sullivan, Julian A. and Abney, Stephen D. New Logistics Concepts Tested in Haiti. Army Logistician, pp 7-9 May-June 1995.

Talbott, Strobe. Promoting Democracy and Economic Growth in Haiti. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 6:185-189 March 13, 1995.
Progress report on the US-led, 31-nation effort to restore democracy in Haiti as of the end of the US operation and the beginning of the UN mission.

Talbott, Strobe and Deutch, John M. U.S.--CARICOM Efforts to Support U.N. Security Council Resolution 940. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 5:589-591 September 5, 1994.

Thomas, Evan and others. Under the Gun (the Haitian intervention). Newsweek 124:28-33 October 3, 1994.
U.S. troops are used in Haiti to disarm thugs and police the peace.

Trimble, Phillip R. The President's Constitutional Authority to Use Limited Military Force. American Journal of International Law 89:84-87 January 1995.

US Occupation of Haiti Highlights Lack of Military Preparedness; Sends Signals to Potential Foes. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy 22:20 September 30, 1994.

Valenzuela, Alfred and Russell, Theodore S. Operation Uphold Democracy: The 10th Mountain Div Arty in Peace Operations. Field Artillery, pp 26-30 June 1995.

Von Hippel, Karin. Democratisation as Foreign Policy: The Case of Haiti. World Today 51:11-14 January 1995.
The U.S.-led military intervention in Haiti set a precedent for using force to implant or restore democracy. Discusses the significance and evolution of this campaign.

Wakefield, Tonya H. JTF Haiti: Lasting Impressions. Special Warfare 7:10-11 July 1994.
Special operations forces in Haiti.

Walker, Paulette V. Who's There? 47 (army) Units Deploy to Haiti. Army Times 55:14 October 3, 1994.

Waller, Douglas C. How a Spec Ops Campaign Saved Lives (in Haiti). Armed Forces Journal International 132:32+ June 1995.
Discusses the psychological operations used in Uphold Democracy.

Watkins, Steven. What Haiti Taught C-130 Crews. Air Force Times 55:30 January 23, 1995.

Watson, Russell and others. Is This Invasion Necessary (U.S. military in Haiti)? Newsweek 124:36-37+ September 19, 1994.

Weber, Cynthia. Dissimulating Intervention: A Reading of the U.S.-Led Intervention into Haiti. Alternatives 20:265-277 July-September 1995.

Weinschenk, Andrew. Haiti Operations Cost U.S. Treasury Half Billion Dollars. Defense Week 15:10 November 7, 1994.

Wilson, Thomas R. Joint Intelligence and Uphold Democracy. Joint Force Quarterly No.7:54-59 Spring 1995.
Also available online at:  http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/jfq1407.pd

Multimedia

The CD-Rom Collection and the Video Collection are both located near the Circulation Desk.

Invasion, Intervention, "Intervasion": A Concise History of the U.S. Army in Operation Uphold Democracy. Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command & General Staff College Press, 1999. 1 CD-Rom.
Book call no.: 972.94073 K924i  (CD-Rom Collection)

Operation Uphold Democracy: U.S. Forces in Haiti. Norfolk, VA, United States Atlantic Command, 1997. 1 videocassette, 1 CD-Rom, 1 pamphlet.
This material is designed to provide lessons learned in the planning, execution, and support of a military operation other than war using key events and specific examples from Operation Uphold Democracy.
Book call no.: 972.94073 O61 (Video Collection)

United States. American Forces Information Service. Joint Combat Camera Center. U.S. Forces in Haiti. Washington, DOD Joint Combat Camera Center, 1995. 2 CD-Roms.
Book call no.: 972.94073 U58 (CD-Rom Collection)

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