Binny, Michael W.  Joint Close Air Support in the Low Intensity Conflict.  Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. 71 p.
See chapter III, pp. 19-29 Joint close air support fratricide.
Also available online at:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA417327
Doc. call no.:  M-U 42525 B614j

Hart, Russell.  Fratricide:  A Dilemma Which Is Manageable at Best.  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2004. 21 p.
Throughout armed conflict, fratricide has been a concern for all sides involved.  The number of fratricide incidents has steadily been reduced over time.  This has been a result of improvements in weapons technology, tactics, techniques and procedures, and improved situational awareness.  However, fratricide still poses a major threat to troops operating in today's battlespace.  It has far reaching strategic and operational impacts that cannot be overlooked in today's international environment.
Also available online at:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA422788
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 H3261f

Sanchez, Bennie.  Fratricide, Technology and Joint Doctrine.  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2004. 19 p.
Recent combat operations by U.S. forces such as Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom have had fratricide rates that are considerably higher than those recorded in earlier conflicts.  This is despite the fact that there have been significant technological advances in hardware and weapons systems since World War II.  The Department of Defense has spent countless dollars on technology in an effort to develop a system that will eliminate or significantly reduce fratricide, but technology alone is not the answer.  Doctrine or the basic fundamentals of how U. S. forces are employed in combat is a critical component in reducing fratricide.  More specifically, Joint Doctrine is how U.S. forces will conduct operations to accomplish their mission objectives.
Also available online at:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA422756
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 S211f

Periodicals

Barrie, Douglas.  Unfriendly Fire:  A Fatal Attack on a British Armored Unit by a US A10 Highlights the Continuing Need to Improve Combat Identification.  Aviation Week and Space Technology 158:28 April 7, 2003.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=000000323294061&SrchMode=5&Fmt=3&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&x=-&VName=PQD&TS=1059570903&clientId=417

Bower, Amanda, and others.  Misfiring in the Fog.  Time 161:39 April 7, 2003.
Focuses on the friendly fire that has occurred during the war in Iraq.  Description of the procedures allied soldiers must cycle through before shooting at vehicles encountered in the desert; Percentage of American forces killed by friendly fire in the Persian Gulf conflict; Comments regarding the increase in friendly fire-related deaths in the military.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9394866&db=aph

Brill, Arthur P.  Close Air Support:  More Improvement Is Needed.  Sea Power 46:15 November 2003.
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Brinkley, Mark C.  Working to Extinguish Friendly Fire.  Air Force Times 64:30 June 21, 2004.

Cahlink, George.  Better Blue Force Tracking.  Air Force Magazine 87:66-69 June 2004.
Also available online at:  http://www.afa.org/magazine/june2004/0604blue.asp

Cahlink, George.  Fog of War.  Government Executive 36:31 July 1, 2004.
Army Ranger Pat Tillman, a pro football player who gave up a small fortune to serve his country, turns out in death to symbolize not only his own heroism, but also the tragedy of friendly fire. Also known as fratricide, these incidents are attributed to the confusion of military engagements and usually go unpunished.  No one was found at fault in Tillman's case, after investigators determined he was shot by a fellow Ranger who mistook him for the enemy during an Afghanistan gun battle with insurgents in April. The Pentagon estimates that about 11% percent of the 115 US military deaths in Iraq before major combat operations ended, were the result of friendly fire.  To guard against fratricide, troops use devices such as sophisticated battlefield intranets with color graphics and real-time updates.  But the Pentagon directed the Army and Marine Corps to develop a single system for tracking ground forces.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=665972121&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Cline, Bobby J.  Marine Corps Fratricide Reduction Efforts.  Marine Corps Gazette 88:44-46 August 2004.
Operation Iraqi Freedom casualty rates, like those of earlier combined arms operations involving joint, allied, and coalition forces, have gained notoriety not only for the relatively small number of American and coalition personnel killed or wounded in action but also because of the frequency and magnitude of fratricide casualties.  Though fratricide rates have remained fairly constant since World War II-with ground-to-ground incidents comprising about 60 percent and air-to-ground nearly 37 percent of all occurrences-air-to-ground engagements have recently become more prevalent and have resulted in greater losses.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=676310521&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Close Air Support Tactics Sharpened in Iraq.  National Defense 87:29-30 June 2003.
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Cohen, Alan.  Radio Frequency ID Tags.  PC Magazine 22:110-111 July 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10098933&db=aph

Conaster, James and St. Clair, Thane.  Blue Force Tracking--Combat Proven.  Armor 112:20-23 September-October 2003.
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Dittmer, Kurt.  Blue Force Tracking.  Military Review 84:38-40 September-October 2004.
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Eisman, Dale.  U.S. Forces Still Struggle to Tell Friend from Foe.  The Virginian-Pilot p. A1 May 1, 2004.
Today, a full year after President Bush declared an end to major combat in Iraq, Lt. Gen. Conway called friendly fire "probably my biggest disappointment of the war," the large scale deployment of fratricide prevention technologies remains years away.
To find an electronic copy of this article use the AU Library subscription database Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe.  After connecting, click on Sources at the top of the page; type Virginian-Pilot in the search box; click on "search this title"; type in keywords and date to find article.
Also available online at:  http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Erwin, Sandra I.  Army to Upgrade Land Warrior System with Blue Force Tracker.  National Defense 89:36-38 February 2004.
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Erwin, Sandra I.  Experimental Battle Planning Software Rushed to Iraq.  National Defense 88:22 October 2003.
An experimental Windows-based software application that helped the military services coordinate fire support missions in Iraq could be the answer to avoiding friendly fire in future conflicts, officials said.
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Erwin, Sandra I.  Revised Rules for Close Air Support.  National Defense 89:19 July 2004.
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Erwin, Sandra I.  Services Sign Off on Common Procedures for Close Air Support.  National Defense 89:33 November 2004.
In an effort to reduce the risk of friendly fire and make close-air support more helpful to ground troops, US military aviators from all branches of the armed forces are now required to follow common guidelines.
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Ford, Peter.  Surveys Pointing to High Civilian Death Toll in Iraq.  Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 22:13-14 July-August 2003.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10138544&db=aph

Friedman, Norman. Dealing With Friendly Fire. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 129:4-5 March 2003.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9299893&db=aph

Guenther, Otto J.  Blue Force Tracking.  Army 54:13-15 April 2004.
In the instant analysis of Operation Iraqi Freedom, smart bombs and killer drones got most of the ink, but one of the truly transformational systems in the field in Iraq was an automotive upgrade bolted into coalition battlewagons called blue force tracking, a communications system linking satellites, sensors, vehicles and weapons into a single, seamless, digital network.  Guenther details the several features of the blue force tracking, and discusses its important role on combat operations.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=000000604039221&SrchMode=5&Fmt=4&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&x=-&VName=PQD&TS=1101841127&clientId=417

Hooton, E. R.  Earth-Bound Electronic Challenges.  Armada International 28:78-81 October-November 2004.
Discusses developments in the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system in aircraft. Background on the use of mission or squadron codes in the IFF system; Information on the establishment of Secondary Surveillance Radar for air traffic control; Incorporation of the European Identification Systems into a variety of aircraft, including transport and attack helicopters.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&an=14946198

Howlett, Debbie.  Questions Haunt "Friendly Fire" Probe.  USA Today News Section p. 1a January 8, 2003.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=J0E388820304203&db=f5h

JFCOM Itemizes Iraq's Lessons Learned.  Air Force Magazine 86:15 December 2003.
Reports that a U.S. Joint Forces Command evaluation of Operation Iraqi Freedom has determined that the prevention of fratricide is the Defense Department's area of greatest need.  Elements of fratricide prevention; Blue force tracking capabilities; Success of OIF.
Scroll down the page to find the article.
Also available online at:  http://www.afa.org/magazine/dec2003/1203world.pdf

Jones, Charles A.  Put an End to Fratricide.  U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 130:38-41 November 2004.
U.S. military history is infamous with well-known incidents of friendly fire, from the death of Army Ranger Pat Tillman in Afghanistan to that of Confederate Lieutenant General "Stonewall" Jackson in the Civil War. Countless others, nameless and faceless, have and continue to be victims of this phenomenon of war.  Technology can help minimize it, but it is not enough.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=15035519

Keeter, Hunter C.  Fratricide Mars US Successes in Iraqi Freedom Conflict.  Sea Power 46:8-9 September 2003.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10693279&db=f5h

Kennedy, Harold.  Fratricide Continues to Plague the Battlefield.  National Defense 89:33 October 2004.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=000000712429821&SrchMode=5&Fmt=3&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&x=-&VName=PQD&TS=1098194601&clientId=417

Knickerbocker, Brad.  Friendly Fire Deaths Vex the US Military.  Christian Science Monitor 95:2 January 7, 2003.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=8811890&db=aph

Knickerbocker, Brad.  In an Era of High-Tech Warfare, 'Friendly Fire' Risk Grows.  Christian Science Monitor 95:3 January 14, 2003.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=8870035&db=aph

Kucera, Joshua.  U.S. Army, Marines to Forge 'Blue on Blue' ID Networks.  Jane's Defence Weekly 41:7 July 7, 2004.
Reports that the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) have developed a plan to merge the two services' systems for tracking their forces and to speed efforts to translate between such systems in use by the U.S. and its allies.  Launch of the systems known as Blue Force Tracking during Operation Iraqi Freedom; Army's leadership of development of the system for commanders at the brigade level and below and for vehicles; Marines' development of the system for commanders at the battalion level and above and for command posts.

Lawlor, Mary Ann.  Keeping Track of the Blue Force.  Signal 57:37-39 July 2003.
Lawlor examines the many benefits brought about by several sophisticated tracking and communications capabilities, employed on military platforms, particularly the Blue Tracking Systems, which was attributed to the success of the operation Iraqi Freedom.  Derived from the Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below program, the Blue Force Tracking systems provided information about the locations of friendly and enemy forces, terrain, and danger zones and supported several aspects of the mission using the situational awareness information.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=000000374317941&SrchMode=5&Fmt=4&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&x=-&VName=PQD&TS=1101841531&clientId=417

Lubold, Gordon.  Strike Restates Case for 'Blue Force Tracking'.  Air Force Times 64:9 April 12, 2004.
Deals with the combat identification systems being developed by the Department of Defense to prevent accidental attacks in the U.S. Armed Forces.  Comment from Lieutenant General Edward Hanlon of Marine Corps Combat Development Command, on the need for system compatibility of the trackers for military services in the country; Information on the Joint Tactical Common Operating Picture Workstation system; Details on the implementation of the tracking systems for Operation Iraqi Freedom II.

Marks, Paul and Sample, Ian.  Recognizing Friend from Foe:  Unless the Military Changes It's Culture of Blame, Friendly Fire Accidents Will Continue.  New Scientist 177:4-5 April 5, 2003.
This article discusses the need for militaries to change its culture of blame in order to avoid friendly fire accidents.  There is no dispute that high-tech equipment can foster friendly fire accidents.  The American and British forces in Iraq use thermal or radar images to engage the enemy at maximum range in limited visibility, says Scott Snook, former head of the Center for Leadership & Organizations at the West Point military academy in New York. Several new rules and steps are taken by the military to avoid such friendly fire accidents, but to no avail.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=9640499

McKenna, Ted.  State the Password.  Journal of Electronic Defense 27:44-49 April 2004.
Discusses technologies in the U.S. that could prevent fratricidal incidents or collateral damage. Identification-friend-or-foe devices; Blue Force Tracking system; Common causes of fratricidal attacks and friendly fires.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=12802630

McMichael, William H.  When Friendlies and Enemy Are Close Pilots Have No Margin for Error.  Navy Times 52:18 April 21 2003.
Focuses on the challenges posed by the possibility of the bombing of friendly troops and innocent civilians to U.S. fighter pilots involved in the war with Iraq as of April 2003.

Peck, Michael.  Desert Setting Tough on Combat ID Systems.  National Defense 88:21-24 August 2003.
Friendly fire has accounted for about 17 percent of casualties in several wars.  Peck discusses the US Army's efforts to develop a family of systems for ground-to-ground and air-to-ground combat friend or foe identification.  One device being currently tested is the Battlefield Target ID Device that is designed to intervene at the last minute before the trigger is pulled.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=000000384183881&SrchMode=5&Fmt=4&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&x=-&VName=PQD&TS=1069106466&clientId=417

Pritzker, Craig L. and Cline, Bobby J.  A Mounted Cooperative Target Identification System for the Marine Corps.  Marine Corps Gazette 87:50-52 January 2003.
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Ripley, Tim.  Iraq Friendly Fire Was Worse Than Reported.  Jane's Defence Weekly 40:3 July 16, 2003.

Rolfsen, Bruce.  'Looking for Something' to Prevent Fratricide.  Air Force Times 64:31 June 21, 2004.

Roos, John G.  What Has U.S. Learned?  Early Lessons from 'Iraqi Freedom'.  Armed Forces Journal International 140:23-26 May 2003.
Analyzes the deployment of American ground forces during the early phase of the 2003 Iraq War.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9696535&db=aph&tg=AN

Rules of Engagement.  America 188:3 April 14, 2003.
'Fog of war' is a notorious euphemism for the unanticipated consequences of armed conflict. Iraqi civilian casualties outnumber coalition casualties five to one.  In the Arab world, at least, the United States is held responsible for these deaths, even though it is quite probable that Iraqi operations were the direct cause of many of them.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9489531&db=aph

Ruppe, David.  Army Describes Patriot Missile Friendly Fire Problems.  Government Executive July 29, 2003.
On-Line Article
Also available online at:  http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0703/072903gsn1.htm

Scott, William B.  Battle Space:  Equipment Was 'Invaluable' but Had Glitches at Critical Junctures.  Aviation Week and Space Technology 162:28-29 July 12, 2004.
Bomber crews, tank commanders, infantry officers and special operations troops who fought in Iraq during the past 16 months are telling leaders and defense contractors that space-related capabilities are invaluable during combat ops, but improvements are needed.
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Scott, William B.  Milspace Technology Coups.  Aviation Week and Space Technology 160:417-418 January 19, 2004.
Tracking systems that display the locations of coalition troops may have been the defining space-related technology of last year's war in Iraq. U.S. Army commanders said the radio-frequency-based systems "were the GPS of Operation Iraqi Freedom," equating the impact of "blue-force" trackers to that of GPS navigation systems during the first gulf war, according to Colonel Kent Traylor, vice commander of the U.S. Air Force's Space Warfare Center (SWC).  Traylor envisions spin-offs of the military systems being shared with wild land firefighters and non-governmental organizations, such as charitable food-distribution groups, in war zones or areas struck by natural disasters, for example.
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Sedge, Michael H.  Not-So-Friendly Fire War in Iraq Shows Fratricide Remains and Enduring Problem.  Armed Forces Journal International 140:18 May 2003.
Reports on casualties of friendly fire during the U.S. led war in Iraq; causes of friendly fire incidents; technical solutions to the problem of friendly fire deaths.
Also available online at:  http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9696498&db=aph&tg=AN

Squeo, Ann Marie and Michaels, Daniel.  Preventing Friendly Fire--Rise in Allies Shooting Allies Comes as High-Tech Warfare Makes Minor Mistakes Deadly.  Wall Street Journal 241:p. B 1 March 25, 2003.
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Tiron, Roxana.  Army's Blue Force Tracking Technology Was a Tough Sell.  National Defense 88:20-21 December 2003.
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Trowbridge, Gordon.  'Go Pills,' Pilot Fatigue in Friendly Fire Case Spotlight.  Air Force Times 63:10-11 January 27, 2003.

Wall, Robert.  Lifting the Fog.  Aviation Week and Space Technology 160:34 June 21, 2004.
Signs are emerging that the Pentagon is on the verge of gaining the upper hand in its long-running battle to curb fratricide, with several promising tools now undergoing field testing.  The Joint Combat Identification Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration is one of several Defense Dept. initiatives to curtail incidents in which U.S. troops and allies come under attack from friendly forces.
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