INFORMATION OPERATIONS
ACSC Research Topic

March 2005

Compiled by Glenda Armstrong
Bibliographer, Air University Library
Maxwell AFB, AL

Contents

• Internet Resources
• Books
• Documents
• Periodicals

For more information, see AUL bibliography Information Operations compiled by Stephen B. T. Chun September 2003.

The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Air Force of this web site or the information, products, or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and morale, welfare and recreation sites, the U.S. Air Force does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DoD web site.

Some materials listed below require access to subscription databases.  If you cannot gain access, contact your local library for availability. AU students and faculty can contact  AUL's  Web Maintainer for a password

All sites listed were last accessed on March 23, 2005.

Internet Resources

Air War College Gateway to the Internet - Information Operations.
Available online:  http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc-info.htm

Airmen Add 'Information Armor' to Iraq Convoys.  FDCH Regulatory Intelligence Database December 10, 2004.
Available online:  http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=32W0629113744

Barnett, Roger W.  Information Operations, Deterrence and the Use of Force.  Terrorism Research Center.
Available online:  http://www.terrorism.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0

Federation of American Scientists.  Intelligence Operations.
Available online:  http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/

Federation of American Scientists. Operations Security Intelligence Threat Handbook.
Available online:  http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/ioss/threat96/part01.htm

Field Manual 100-6 Information Operations.  U.S. Department of the Army.  27 August 1996.
Available online:  http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm100-6/

Hubbard, Zachary P. IO in the Information Age.  Journal of Electronic Defense 27:49-53 May 2004.
Discusses information operations (IO) in the U.S. Air Force. Deployment of numerous systems with tremendous IO and IO-related capabilities; Publishing of a doctrine document regarding IO; High degree of situational awareness needed by a successful IO.
Available online:  http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=13139038

Institute for the Advanced Study of Information Warfare. March 12, 2003.
Available online at: http://www.psycom.net/iwar.1.html
"The purpose of the IASIW is to facilitate an understanding of information warfare with reference to both military and civilian life." Provides links to over 900 sites and publications.

Joint Doctrine for Information Operations.  Joint Pub 3-13.  9 October 1998.
Available online:  http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_13.pdf

Puttre, Michael.  Losing Friends and IO.  Journal of Electronic Defense 27:10 April 2004.
Discusses the importance of information operations in avoiding fratricide of the so-called collateral damage. Impact of perception management on the nature of military operations of U.S. forces; Importance of the combination of psychological operations and public affairs in influencing the permissiveness of military environment.
Available online: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12802588

United States. Air Force. Information Operations. August 5, 1998. (Air Force Doctrine Document 2-5).
Available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/afd2_5.pdf

Books

Alberts, Davis S.  Information Age Transformation:  Getting to a 21st Century Military.  Washington, CCRP Publication Series, 2003.  145 p.
Book call no.:  355.6880973 A334i

Berkowitz, Bruce D.  The New Face of War:  How War Will be Fought in the 21st Century.  New York, Free Press, 2003.  257 p.
"As Western forces wage war against terrorists and their supporters, in actions large and small, on several continents, The New Face of War explains how they fight and how they will win or lose. There are four key dynamics to the new warfare: asymmetric threats, in which even the strongest armies may suffer from at least one Achilles' heel; information-technology competition, in which advantages in computers and communications are crucial; the race of decision cycles, in which the first opponent to process and react to information effectively is almost certain to win; and network organization, in which fluid arrays of combat forces can spontaneously organize in multiple ways to fight any given opponent at any time." "Bruce Berkowitz offers many answers and a framework for understanding combat that will never again resemble the days of massive marches on fortress-like positions."
Book call no.:  355.02 B513n

Information Operations:  Warfare and the Hard Reality of Soft Power edited by Leigh Armistead.  Washington, Brassey's, 2004.  277 p.
Book call no.:  355.3430973 I43

National Security in the Information Age edited by Emily O. Goldman.  Portland, OR, Frank Cass, 2004.  238 p.
Book call no.:  355.033073 N2776

Perry, Walt L. et al.  Exploring Information Superiority:  A Methodology for Measuring the Quality of Information and Its Impact on Shared Awareness.  Santa Monica, CA, RAND, 2004.  141 p.
Also available online:  http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0410/2003022433.html
Book call no.:  355.33041 P465e
 

Bailey, Alvin L.  The Implications of Network Centric Warfare.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, U.S. Army War College, 2004.  19 p.
"This paper will examine Network Centric Warfare the centerpiece of Transformation. This form of warfare depends heavily on computer networks, the Internet communications, and sensors. These areas of dependence also provide numerous vulnerabilities. This paper will focus specifically on Network Centric Warfare's vulnerabilities in terms of sensors, cyberterrorism/Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) and bandwidth/ frequency. The assessment of the areas listed above and the other strategic implications will lead to a conclusion as to its efficacy of Network Centric Warfare as the centerpiece of Transformation."--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA423336
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 B154i

Breazile, Gregory T.  Defensive Information Operations in Support of the Marine Air Ground task Force.  Fort Leavenworth, KS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2002.  102 p.
"Currently the Marine Corps has no doctrine for information operations (IO). The Marine Corps Doctrine Division has published an IO concept paper from which to guide the development of IO doctrine. In joint and other service doctrine, IO is defined in both as an offensive and defensive capability. This thesis only discusses defensive IO (DIO) and will attempt to provide the reader with insight into how the MAGTF could conduct DIO. A USMC concept paper on IO, joint IO doctrine, and sister service IO doctrine were used to provide an understanding of how IO and DIO are defined by each. Additionally, analysis of the DIO threat and an overview of current MAGTF capabilities to conduct each of element of DIO (information assurance, physical security, operational security, counterintelligence, counterpropaganda, counterdeception, and electronic warfare) is provided. The thesis also analyzes historical examples of each DIO element to demonstrate relevance of each to MAGTF operations. Conclusions and recommendations are provided for each DIO element. This thesis demonstrates the need for DIO in support of the MAGTF and how the MAGTF should incorporate DIO into their service IO doctrine."--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA406491
Doc. call no.:  M-U 42022 B8281d

Burton, Gerald V.  Principles of Information Operations:  A recommended Addition to U.S. Army Doctrine, a Monograph.  Fort Leavenworth, KS, School of Advanced Military Studies, Army Command General Staff College, 2003.  62 p.
"It is imperative that Army doctrine fulfill its mandate to create common understanding across the force. This includes establishing a common basis for conducting IO across the spectrum of conflict. Army IO doctrine must provide commanders and their staffs the foundation necessary to effectively integrate IO into full spectrum operations. Without successful IO, achieving information superiority is unlikely. Without information superiority, the Army is at risk of failing to accomplish its assigned missions in the decisive manner that is expected and necessary. The soon to be released FM 3-13, Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, represents a leap ahead in Army thinking about IO. It is particularly good at describing the IO threat and how the IO elements and related activities interact.
It also presents numerous and detailed tactics, techniques and procedures for conducting (planning, preparing, executing and assessing IO). Still, this monograph asserts that FM 3-13 lacks a general, macro-level articulation of how IO elements are combined, so it needs to add a set of principles that guide commanders and staffs on how to combine the IO elements. This monograph seeks to discover whether or not existing U.S., Russian, and Chinese doctrine and theory can provide the sought after guidance on combining IO elements. The answer is yes. An analysis of all three nations writings on IO, and synthesis of the related ideas, shows they do offer potential solutions to the problem. These solutions are offered as recommended improvements to the ongoing Army IO doctrine debate. The monograph subscribes to the idea that IO is an integrating strategy, relating means to ends. Combining the elements is the essential part of this strategy, and must be guided by six principles."--Abstract from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA415801
Doc. call no.:  M-U 42022-2 B9743p

Erb, Stephen S.  Network Centric Warfare:  An Operational Perspective.  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2004.  31 p.
"Network Centric Warfare development is currently proceeding from the tactical level up, with little concern to the overarching requirements of the operational level of war. The implied assumption is that the concepts, both technical and organizational, will naturally scale to the operational and strategic levels. Absent an operational perspective, what is likely to develop is a large-scale tactical tool set and an operational staff structure that evolves to support this tactical tool set. This paper examines Network Centric Warfare from the Operational Commander's perspective by first examining the Operational Commander's requirements of a command and control system, comparing those requirements to what Network Centric Warfare as currently envisioned will provide, then recommends an operational staff organization to support the requirements of the Operational Commander in a Network Centric Warfare environment. The recommended staff structure is designed to provide the Operational Commander the flexibility to benefit from self-synchronized forces as well as to take close control of forces when required by the mission. "--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA422795
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 E65n 

Manning, Steve.  Improved Intelligence Support to Our Coalition Partners at the Operational Level.  Newport, RI, Naval War college, 2004.  18 p.
"Intelligence support in a coalition environment is broken. Using a case study method of intelligence support during the Vietnam War, Bosnia intervention and most recently during OIF the theme that US operational intelligence support to our coalition partners is not adequate is explained through a lack of: proper doctrine, SOPs and memorandums, lack of production of intelligence products at a releasable level, and non existent communications architecture to our coalition partners."--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425932
Doc. call no.:  41662 M2841i

Martin, William J.  Information Pervades All Levels of War:  A Study of Information Operations in Iraq.  Maxwell AFB, AL, Air command and Staff College, 2003.  28 leaves.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 43122 M3832i

Moorman, John R.  The Future Role of Information Operations in Operational Art.  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2003.  17 p.
"This paper looks at the relationship between the rate of technology development and the role of information operations in the operational art. Computer processing power has doubled every two years since 1959 in accordance with Moore's Law, bringing with it a corresponding decrease in cost. Networking computers has exponentially increased the power of individual computers in accordance with Moore's Law. These technological phenomenon have produced the information age, where the ability to gather, process and exchange information is the source of power and wealth. The military is adapting to the information age, incorporating information systems in its infrastructure and exploring new warfighting concepts such as network centric warfare, that leverage the power of networks. The increasing integration of technology into weapons systems and operational concepts will increase the operational commanders capabilities and vulnerabilities. Without a corresponding increase in information operations capabilities and strategies, the best strategy can be defeated by successful destruction of information systems. Future operational commanders must understand the effects of increasing technological development and integration, and the increasing role and significance of information operations that corresponds with it."--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA405639
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 M825f

Porter, Carl D.  Network Centric Warfare:  Transforming the U.S. Army.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, 2004.  32 p.
"The old paradigms of U.S. military operations in the industrial age are dead. Military relevance in the information dominated 21st Century no longer comes from the industrial age concept of massing forces or attrition warfare. Rather, it comes from a new information age paradigm where access to information enables the rapid employment of the right force at the right place and time to achieve strategic objectives, while preventing any adversary from doing the same. To achieve this position of dominance, the Department of Defense has embraced the concepts of Network Centric Warfare (NCW) as a way to transform the force and achieve Joint Vision 2020 objectives. This information age concept provides a systems view of the battle space that can radically compress the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war and dramatically increase combat power through shared awareness and self-synchronization. The concept will not take hold in the U.S. Army, however, without a substantial effort to overcome impediments and a corresponding co-evolution of processes, organizations and technology infrastructure. This research paper provides a summary of network centric warfare concepts and highlights some of the challenges to applying it throughout a transformed Army force."--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA423794
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 P844n

Seward, Andrew B.  U.S. Strategic Information Operations:  The Requirement for a Common Definition and Organizational Structure in Support of the Global War on Terrorism.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, U.S. Army War college, 2004.  28 p.
" Despite its lofty title as one of the national elements of power, the informational component is fundamentally misunderstood in concept, diffused in responsibility, and fragmented in application. In American society, the right to free speech has primacy and citizens have a healthy distrust of official government rhetoric. Thus, the second tier status of informational power is perhaps unsurprising. But in the war of ideas and ideals that is the current Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), strategic information operations can be neither ignored nor allowed to languish. It is time to re-organize and focus information operations at a national strategic level and harness its potential. Kinetic military power, diplomacy, and America's economic might are critical to the GWOT, but similar success in strategic information operations is essential to creating lasting change. This paper reviews the current state of strategic information operations; discusses the lack of existing consensus regarding strategic information operations' definition, scope, and what it might accomplish; suggests a new model for strategic-level information operations; and compares and makes a recommendation from four options for better organizing information operations within the United States Government at the national strategic level in support of GWOT."--Abstract taken from web site.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA424404
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 S514u

Westermeyer, Richard H.  Computer Network Operations:  The Final Frontier for Intelligence.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, U.S. Army War College, 2003.  23 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 W527c