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General Information

American Hegemony: Preventive War, Iraq and Imposing Democracy, edited by Demetrios James Caraley. New York, The Academy of Political Science, 2004. 206 p.
See pp51-80: "Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War" by Steven Kull, Clay Ramsay and Evan Lewis.
Book call no.: 327.730090511 A512

Arnold, R. Douglas. Congress, The Press, and Political Accountability. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2004. 279 p.
An examination of how local media outlets cover members of the United States Congress.
Book call no.: 070.44932 A758c

Artz, Lee. Kamalipour Yahya R. Bring 'Em On: Media and Politics in the Iraq War. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield , 2005. 269 p. (Communication, media, and politics)
Bring Em On highlights the complex links between media and politics, analyzing how communication practices are modified in times of crisis to protect political interests or implement political goals. International contributors in mass communication, political science, and sociology address how U.S. institutional media practices, government policy, and culture can influence public mobilization for war.
Book call no.: 070.4499567 B858

Badsey, Stephen and Latawski, Paul C. Britain, NATO, and the Lessons of the Balkan Conflicts, 1991-1999. London, Frank Cass, 2004. 261 p. (The Sandhurst conference series no. 4)
See chapters: "Media Operations : Lessons From Kosovo"; "Media Interaction in the Kosovo Conflict"; "Modern Conflicts, the Media and Public Opinion".
Book call no.: 949.703 B862

Bagdikian, Ben H. The New Media Monopoly. Boston, MA, Beacon Press, 2004.  299 p.
Book call no.: 338.4730223 B144n

Bezanson, Randall P. How Free Can the Press Be? Urbana, IL, University of Illinois Press, 2003.     258 p.
Bezanson explores the changes in understanding of press freedom in America by discussing nine of the most pivotal First Amendment cases in U.S. judicial history.
Book call no.: 342.730853 B574h

Blyth, Myrna. Spin Sisters: How the Women of the Media Sell Unhappiness-and Liberalism-to the Women of America. New York, St. Martin's press, 2004. 342 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 B661s

Bozell, L. Brent. Weapons of Mass Distortion: The Coming Meltdown of the Liberal Media. New York, Crown Forum, 2004. 277 p.
Book call no.: 302.230973 B793w

Brock, David. The Republican Noise Machine: Right Wing Media and How it Corrupts Democracy. New York, Crown Publishers, 2004. 420 p.
A former-right wing journalist David Brock argues that conservative media has skewed American politics noticeably to the right.
Book call no.: 320.520973 B864r

Carruthers, Susal L. The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in the Twentieth Century. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2000. 321 p.
Book call no.: 070.449355 C319m

Chiasson, Lloyd. 3 Centuries of American Media. Englewood, CO, Morton Publishing, 1999. 404 p.
Book call no.: 302.230973 C532t

Cohen, Elliot D. News Incorporated: Corporate Media Ownership and Its Threat to Democracy. Amherst, N.Y., Prometheus Books, 2005. 319 p.
The last decade has seen a blossoming of Internet and cable television news sources—and, say many critics, a deterioration in the quality of reporting. The problem, according to Cohen and his left-leaning colleagues, is the ever-increasing concentration of media outlets owned by only a "handful" of massive corporations. In 1983, for example, a seasoned media insider estimated that 50 companies controlled 90% of America's news diet; by 2000, that number had plummeted to six.
Book call no.: 302.230973 N558

Conboy, Martin. The Press and Popular Culture. London, SAGE Publications, 2002. 194 p.
Book call no.: 302.2322 C743p

Cornwell, Nancy. Freedom of the Press: Rights and Liberties Under the Law. Santa Barbara, CA, ABC-CLIO, 2004. 355 p. (Americas Freedoms)
Book call no.: 323.4450973 C821f

Crisis Communications: Lessons From September 11, edited by Michael A. Noll. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. 231 p. (Communication, media, and politics)
Book call no.: 303.625 C932

Dadge, David. Casualty of War: The Bush Administration's Assault on a Free Press. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2004. 349 p.
Chapter 1: Losing America's Voice; 2: Al-Jazeera: A Platform of Controversy; 3: Executives' Privilege; 4: "In Cipro We Trust"; 5: Dezinformatisiya and other Patriot Acts; 6: Trading Liberty for Security: The Coalition Against Terrorism; 7: Everyone Has His Own Bin Laden; 8: Responding to the War on Terrorism
Book call no.: 323.4450973 D121c

De Zengotita, Thomas. Mediated: How the Media Shapes Your World and the Way You Live in It. New York , Bloomsbury, 2005. 291 p.
Influenced by the media-inspired “culture of performance,” we now live our lives as if we are performers practicing method acting, the author maintains. We go through the motions of expected reactions to everything from the 9/11 terrorist attacks to Princess Diana's death to documentaries of the Kennedy assassination and the civil rights movement. The Internet, satellite television, and a host of technological products and services now give us the impression of participating in current and historical events to such an extent that we can barely distinguish the varying levels of what de Zengotita categorizes as ranging from the real-real to the unreal-real. Analyzing car commercials, cell-phone usage, the social art of teenagers, and other aspects of modern culture, with keen detail and wit, de Zengotita offers an amazing look at how media affects our culture, our choices, and our responses to our media-filtered lives.
Book call no.: 302.23 D532m

Dizard, Wilson P. Old Media, New Media: Mass Communications in the Information Age. 3rd ed. New York, Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. 233 p.
Book call no.: 302.230973 D622o

Doherty, Thomas. Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. New York , Columbia University Press, 2003. p
Doherty examines the cultural history of the United States of the McCarthy period through the window of the television screen. He argues that television subtly acted as a resistant force to the forces of conformity and intimidation represented by Senator Joe McCarthy.
Book call no.: 791.45658 D655c

Dor, Daniel. Intifada Hits the Headlines: How the Israeli Press Misreported the Outbreak of the Second Palestinian Uprising. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2004. 184 p.
Book call no.: 302.23095694 D693i

Downie, Leonard and Kaiser, Robert G. The News About the News: American Journalism in Peril. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. 292 p.
Book call no.: 071.3 D751n

El Nawawy, Mohammed. Al Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Cambridge, MA, Westview Press, 2002. 228 p.
Book call no.: 070.195 E48a

El Nawawy, Mohammed and Iskander, Adel. Al Jazeera: The Story of the Network That is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism. Cambridge, MA, Westview , 2003. 240 p.
This book is also available in an electronic format. Available through the AU library subscription to NetLibrary Inc. database. Create your own password at AU library at the site below, then read the book from your home computer.
Book call no.: 070.195 E48a 2003
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/netlib.htm

Evans, Harold. War Stories: Reporting in the Time of Conflict From the Crimea to Iraq. Boston, MA, Bunker Hill, 2003. 96 p.
Book call no.: 070.433 E92w

Farnsworth, Stephen J. and Lichter, S. Robert. The Nightly News Nightmare: Network Television's Coverage of U. S. Presidential Elections, 1988-2000. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.     228 p.
Book call no.: 070.195 F236n

Fenton, Tom. Bad News: The Decline of Reporting, the Business of News, and the Danger to Us All. New York, NY , Regan Books, 2005. 262 p p.
As a frequent voice in the wilderness himself - who fought in vain to interest CBS in an Osama bin Laden interview in the 1990s - Fenton reveals a news-gathering environment gutted by corporate bottom-lining bottom-feeders, staffed by dilatory producers and executives (who dismissed important stories as depressing or obscure), and dangerously dependent on images and information gathered by third-party sources. In hard-hitting interviews with Dan Rather, Peter Jennings, and Tom Brokaw, he exposes how even the anchors themselves believed they were outlandishly compensated - while quality coverage was being slashed. And he charges that the news media must lose its entertainment-industry mindset and reestablish its role as a keeper of the public trust.
Book call no.: 070.433 F342b

The Freewheeling World of Blogs. CQ Researcher 148:67 October 10, 2004.
Focuses on liberation of blogs or Web logs, on mass media and journalism. Usability of blogs; Results of the survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project; Importance of blogging.

Gans, Herbert J. Democracy and the News. Oxford England, Oxford University Press, 2003. 168 p.
Gans makes several incisive suggestions about what the news media can do to recapture its role in American society and what political and economic changes might move us closer to a true citizen's democracy. Touching on questions of critical national importance, Democracy and the News sheds new light on the vital importance of a healthy news media for a healthy democracy.
Book call no.: 302.23450973 G199d

Garels, Anne. Naked in Baghdad: The Iraq War as Seen by NPR's Correspondent. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. 222 p.
Book call no.: 956.70443 G239n

Gitlin, Todd. Media Unlimited: How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives. New York, Metropolitan Books. Henry Holt and Company, 2001. 260 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 G536m

Goldberg, Bernard. Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News. Washington, Regnery, 2001. 232 p.
Library also an audio version of the book, narrated by the author: 303.23 G618ba.
Book call no.: 302.23 G618b

Gordon, A. David and Kittross John Michael. Controversies in Media Ethics. 2nd ed. New York, Longman, 1999. 316 p.
Book call no.: 175 G662c

Gowing, Nik. Media Coverage: Help or Hindrance in Conflict Prevention? New York, Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, September 1997. 46 p.
Book call no.: 341.52 G723m

Green, Joseph Michael. Your Past and the Press! Controversial Presidential Appointments: A Study Focusing on the Impact of Interest Groups and Media Activity on the Appointment Process. Dallas, TX, University Press of America, 2004. 195 p.
Book call no.: 352.650973 G796y

Hargreaves, Ian. Journalism: Truth or Dare? Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 2003. 294 p.
Book call no.: 070.4 H279j

Hewitt, Hugh. Blog: Understanding the Information Reformation That's Changing Your World. Nashville, TN, T. Nelson Publishers, 2005. 225 p.
See chapter 5 The meltdown of mainstream media and where its audience went.
Book call no.: 006.7 H611b

Hoskins, Andrew. Televising War From Vietnam to Iraq. London, Continuum, 2004. 148 p.
Book call no.: 355.021 H826t

Hudson, Miles and Stanier, John. War and the Media: A Random Searchlight. New York, New York University Press, 1998. 338 p.
A timely and perceptive look at the way the people who deliver the news have handled mankind's enduring scourge of war. It offers media practitioners, politicians, and the military a sober, balanced view of how all three groups act and interact in war situations.
Book call no.: 070.449355 H886w

Into the Buzzsaw: Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press, edited by Kristina Borjesson. revised and expanded. New York, Promethus Books, 2004. 462 p.
The first edition featured articles by award-winning journalists who described their work and the powerful interests who told them what to say in print and on camera. Their topics included fighting their own employers in court to get the news to the public, dealing with the censorship bundled with the war on terror, and the threat recent suppression and distortion of the news imposes on a free society. This new edition includes a new forward by Gore Vidal and new essays from practitioners such as Dan Rather on self-censorship, Ashleigh Banfield on creating an environment of ignorance, Charles Reina on the daily executive memos that shape the politics of Fox's reportage, and Charlotte Dennett's assessment of the press in Iraq. Written in journalistic style, the essays do not include citations or references but the editor does provide an index.
Book call no.: 323.4450973 I61 2004

The Iraq War: As Witnessed by the Correspondents and Photographers of the United Press International. Washington, Brassey's , 2004. 224 p.
Book call no.: 956.70443 I65

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Waldman, Paul. The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories That Shape the Political World. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 2003. 220 p.
Book call no.: 071.3 J32p

Johnson-Cartee, Karen S. News Narratives and News Framing: Constructing Political Reality. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 361 p. (Communication, media, and politics)
A revealing look at how the media's construction of news affects our political, economic, and social realities. In this great introduction to the theory behind news framing, Karen Johnson-Cartee pulls together elements from communication, journalism, politics, and sociology to create a picture of how news forms these realities for the public.
Book call no.: 302.23 J66n

Katovsky, Bill and Carlson, Timothy. Embedded: The Media at War in Iraq. Guilford, CT, Lyons Press, 2003. 448 p.
Book call no.: 956.70443 K19e

Kick, Russell. You Are Being Lied To: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths. New York, The Disinformation Company, distributed by Consortium Book Sales and Distributors, 2001. 399 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 Y67

Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo. 3rd edition. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 594 p.
A story of heroism and collusion, censorship and suppression. Since Vietnam, governments have become much more adept at managing the media, as highlighted in chapters on the Falklands War, the Gulf War, and the conflict between NATO and Serbia over Kosovo. And in a new chapter on the post-9/11 wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Knightley details even greater degrees of government manipulation and media complicity-the "embedding" of reporters in military units and the uncritical, openly patriotic coverage of these conflicts. "The age of the war correspondent as hero," he concludes, "appears to be over."
Book call no.: 070.4333 K71f 2004

Kull, Steven and others. Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War. College Park, MD and Menlo Park, CA, Program on International Policy Attitudes and Knowledge Networks, October 2, 2003. 21 p.
Results of polls conducted by PIPA and The Knowledge Networks.
Also available online at: http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/Media%5F10%5F02%5F03%5FReport.pdf
Book call no.: 956.70443 K94m

Kurspahic, Kemal. Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace. Washington, United States Institute of Peace, 2003. 261 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 K96p

Larson, James F. The Internet and Foreign Policy. New York, Foreign Policy Association, 2004. 69 p. (Headline series no. 325)
Book call no.: 327.73 F35h no. 325

Lessig, Lawrence. Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York, Penguin Press, 2004. p
Book call no.: 343.73099 L639f

Lynch, Rick and Silva, Tony. Global News: Perspectives on the Information Age. 2nd edition. Ames, IA, Iowa State University Press, 2001. 199 p.
Book call no.: 070.195 G562

MacArthur, John R. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the 1991 Gulf War. Updated with a new preface. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 2004. 274 p.
Book call no.: 070.4499567 M116s 2004

Massing, Michael. Now They Tell Us: The American Press and Iraq. New York, New York Review Books, 2004. 91 p.
Comments on the release of reports by the media regarding the deception of the U.S. government on the nuclear program of Iraq. Failure of the media to publish these reports before the onset of the war; Reliance of the media on information from Iraqi defectors; Focus of journalists on sources reliant to the government before the war broke out.
Book call no.: 070.4499567 M418n

McAlister, Melani. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 2001. 358 p.
Book call no.: 327.56073 M114e

McChesney, Robert W. The Problem of the Media: U.S. Communication Politics in the Twenty-First Century. New York , Monthly Review Press, 2004. 367 p.
Book call no.: 302.230973 M124p

McGowan, William. Coloring the News: How Crusading For Diversity Has Corrupted American Journalism. San Francisco, CA, Encounter Books, 2001. 278 p.
Book call no.: 070.4493058 M146c

The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence, edited by Tim Allen & Jean Seaton. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1999. 312 p.
Book call no.: 070.449355 M489

Media Studies Journal: Front Lines and Deadlines: Perspectives on War Reporting. Arlington, VA, The Freedom Forum, Summer 2001. 126 p. (Front lines and deadlines, perspectives on war reporting; 15)
25 articles on reporting war.
Book call no.: 070.4333 F853f

Mermin, Jonathan. Debating War and Peace: Media Coverage of U.S. Intervention in the Post-Vietnam Era. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1999. 162 p.
Book call no.: 070.449355 M566d

Mindich, David T. Z. Just the Facts: How "Objectivity" Came to Define American Journalism. New York, New York University Press, 1998. 200 p.
Book call no.: 071.3 M663j

Moeller, Susan D. Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York, Routledge, 1999. 390 p.
Book call no.: 070.44936334 M693c

News, Public Relations and Power, edited by Simon Cottle. London, Sage Publications, 2003. 187 p.
Book call no.: 070.44932 N558

The Power of the Press, edited by Beth Levy and Denise M. Bonilla. New York, H.W. Wilson , 1999. 187 p. (The reference shelf, v.71, no.1.)
Book call no.: 808.5 R332 v.71 no.1

Pulwers, Jack Edward. The Press of Battle: The GI Reporter and the American People: the Story of Combat Correspondents, Information and News-- Fighting, Sighting and Writing of World War II. Raleigh, N.C. Ivy House Pub. Group, 2003. 848 p.
This book is a highly detailed chronology by a World War II Army infantryman-turned-journalist. It is an in-depth book brimming with names, dates and events within and surrounding WW II, which fostered the greatest military print information explosion in history. Referring to a time when both seasoned and "green" civilian reporters rushed to enlist in the services with hopes to make their mark in wartime journalism, Dr. Pulwers sets the stage for the accomplishments of journalists such as Ernie Pyle, Milt Lehman, Joe Rosenthal and hundreds of others. The book describes the challenges of journalists who chased battles on motorcycles and filed their stories via carrier pigeons. Additionally, the author addresses the concerns of commanders who had to balance the security of battle plans and the mutual need for journalists' self-censorship while providing battlefield information to the American public. Those same concerns exist today. There is a chapter devoted to each military service's public relations and information efforts with descriptions on how the journalists fed information to military personnel on battlefields, bases and stations around the world. The Army's Yank; Navy's All Hands; Coast Guard's Valiant Press and the Marine Corps' Gazette and Leatherneck all receive deserved attention.
Book call no.: 940.540088 P983p

Radford, Benjamin. Media Myth Makers: How Journalists, Activists, and Advertisers Mislead Us. Amherst, New York, Prometheus Books, 2003. 324 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 R128m

Rainie, Lee, Fox, Susannah, and Fallows, Deborah. The Internet and the Iraq War: How Online Americans Have Used the Internet to Learn War News, Understand Events, and Promote Their Views. Washington, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2003. 11 p.
This report discusses how the Internet has grown as a news source for millions.
Also available online at: http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/87/report_display.asp
Book call no.: 303.4833 R157i

Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime, edited by Stuart Allan and Barbie Zelizer. London, Routledge, 2004. 374 p.
See chapter 4: "The PR of Terror: How New Style Wars Give Voice to Terrorists".
Book call no.: 070.4333 R425

Robinson, Piers. The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention. London, Routledge, 2002.
Book call no.: 070.195 R663c

Rockwell, Rick and Janus, Noreene. Media Power in Central America. Urbana, IL, University of Illinois Press, 2003. 276 p.
Book call no.: 302.2309728 R684m

Rutherford, Paul. Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2004. 226 p.
Book call no.: 956.70443 R975w

Sanders, Karen. Ethics & Journalism. London, Sage Publications, 2003. 196 p.
Book call no.: 174.9097 S215e

Schechter, Danny. Embedded--Weapons of Mass Deception: How the Media Failed to Cover the War in Iraq. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2003. 286 p.
Book call no.: 070.4 S314e

Schechter, Danny. Media Wars: News at a Time of Terror. Boulder, CO, Rowman & Littlefield , 2003. 234 p.
Book call no.: 070.449973931 S314m

Seib, Philip M. Beyond the Front Lines: How the News Media Cover a World Shaped by War. 1st edition. New York, Palgrave McMillan, 2004. 185 p.
Beyond the Front Lines examines news coverage of modern war, with particular emphasis on the performance of journalists during the 2003 U.S.-Iraq war. It also analyzes the relationship between news coverage and American foreign policy as well as how globalization is reshaping the news business. Philip Seib also describes the changing technologies and ethics of modern warfare, suggests ways journalists might carry out their job better, and offers a new perspective on the role of the news media in a high-tech, globalized, and dangerous world.
Book call no.: 070.4333 S457b

Shaheen, Jack G. Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. New York, Olive Branch Press, 2001. 574 p.
Book call no.: 791.43 S525r

Shaking the Foundations: 200 Years of Investigative Journalism in America, edited by Bruce Shapiro. New York, Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2003. 518 p.
Book call no.: 071.43 S527

Shanor, Donald R. News From Abroad. New York, Columbia University Press, 2003. 247 p.
Book call no.: 070.4332 S528n

Smith, Jeffery A. War and Press Freedom: The Problem of Prerogative Power. New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. 324 p.
Book call no.: 342.730853 S651w

Snow, Nancy. Information War: American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9-11. New York, Seven Stories Press, 2003. 173 p.
Snow describes how U.S. propaganda efforts and covert operations are expanding more rapidly today than at any other time in U.S. history, as the Bush administration attempts to increase U.S. dominance by curbing dissent and controlling opinion.
Book call no.: 303.375 S674i

Solomon, Norman and Erlich, Reese W. Target Iraq: What the News Media Didn't Tell You. New York, Context Books, 2003. 188 p.
Deftly separating truth from propaganda, Target Iraq is a hard-hitting expose of the harsh realities and consequences of the pending war and the media's failure to present the full spectrum of issues to the public.
Book call no.: 970.4 S689t

Starr, Paul. The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications. New York, Basic Books, 2004. 484 p.
Book call no.: 302.230973 S796c

Stauffer, Dennis. Mediasmart: How to Handle a Reporter: By a Reporter. Minneapolis, MN, MinneapplePress, 1994. 284.
Book call no.: 070.43 S798m

Stempel, Guido H. Media and Politics in America. Santa Barbara, CA, ABC CLIO, 2002. p
A fascinating survey that shows how America's media and politics have influenced each other over the last 200 years.
Book call no.: 302.230973 S824m

Stevenson, Nick. Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. second ed. London, SAGE Publications, 2002. 255 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 S848u

Sylvester, Judith L. and Huffman, Suzanne. Reporting From the Front: The Media and the Military. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 266.
This is essentially a study of the embedded-reporter approach used by the media during the Iraq War. Sylvester and Huffman base the study on interviews with people who "were there" and with key figures back at home. After an opening "retrospective," where they describe the careers of such iconic reporters as Walter Cronkite and Bob Schieffer (and several print journalists), the authors move on to discussion of how the military managed the war, how the media did the same thing, visual journalism, print journalists, television (station and network) journalists, radio journalists (two examples from NPR), and competition and complaints about the coverage and reporting process in Iraq. The authors build the study around careful descriptions of journalists, including their background and specific role in reporting the war and its aftermath. Appendixes provide documents, e.g., those telling embedded reporters what to bring--and not bring--to Iraq. Describing a different kind of war correspondent--one who works from the inside--this useful study does a good job of raising issues about the opportunities and the problems inherent in this kind of reporting.
Book call no.: 070.4499567 S985r

Taylor, Philip M. War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War. 2nd ed. New York, Manchester University Press, 1998. 340 p.
Book call no.: 956.70442 T245w 1998

Tumber, Howard and Palmer, Jerry. Media At War: The Iraq Crisis. London, Sage, 2004. 188 p.
Book call no.: 070.4499567 T925m

The U.S. Media and the Middle East: Image and Perception, edited by Yahya R. Kamalipour. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1995. 242 p.
Book call no.: 956 U581

Wade, John. Dealing Effectively With The Media: What You Need to Know About Print, Radio and Television Interviews. Menlo Park, CA, Crisp Publications, 1992. p
Book call no.: 302.23 W119d

Waldman, Paul. Fraud: the Strategy Behind the Bush Lies and Why the Media Didn't Tell You. Naperville, Il, Sourcebooks, 2004. 308 p.
Book call no.: 973.931 W164f

Wallack, Lawrence and others. News for a Change: An Advocate's Guide to Working with the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 1999. 152 p.
Book call no.: 070.449324 N558

War and the Media: Reportage and Propaganda, 1900-2003, edited by Mark Connelly and David Welch.  London, I. B. Tauris, 2005. 304 p. (International library of war studies; 3)
War and the Media includes contributions from leading academics, media professionals and - very importantly - from the armed services. All aspects are covered: the Press, radio and television, state information services, 'virtual war' and psychological operations. The twentieth century has seen major shifts in the relationship between war and propaganda, fuelled by the huge technological advances making propaganda and censorship increasingly potent weapons.
Book call no.: 070.449355 W2531

War, Media and Propaganda: A Global Perspective, edited by Yahya R. Kamalipour and Nancy Snow. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. 261 p.
Focusing on the media's role in global conflicts, an international cast of prominent authors, journalists, scholars, and researchers provides an overview of the impact of globalization on media practices. The authors explore the effects of global media coverage on human affairs and communication, as well as the cultural-political implications for the United States and around the world.
Book call no.: 070.449355 W253

Yalof, David A. and Dautrich, Kenneth. The First Amendment and the Media in the Court of Public Opinion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002. 155 p.
Book call no.: 323.4450973 Y19f

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Documents
Some of the documents cited in this section are student papers written to fulfill PME school requirements.

Marye, James M. The Media and National Security Decision Making. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U. S. Army War College, 2004. 16 p.
The Operation Iraqi Freedom embedded media program provided a constant flow of breaking news reports to both American and international audiences through television cable channels and their internet web sites. This greatly influenced both audiences opinion of the war fight and the aftermath. National public opinion polls on the conduct of the war changed constantly based on the tenor of the reports from the embedded reporters traveling with U.S. Forces in Iraq and this reporting also influenced decision makers. It is my opinion that national-level decision- making has been altered by this 2417 news coverage and that the embedded media program itself has greatly elevated the media's influence over national-level security decision making.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ada423769
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 M393m

Morris, Anne R. Story Behind the Story: Meanings of Having One's Story Told by the American News Media. Gainesville, Fl, University of Florida, November 16, 2000. 232 p. (Doctoral dissertation)
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA384626
Doc. call no.: M-U 43567-971

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Abdelmagid, Mazen. Stories the Media Decide Not To Tell. Nieman Reports 55:55-56 Winter 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5930146&db=f5h

Al Jazeera. Middle East 341:52-55 January 2004.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11812992&db=aph

Al-Rashid Al-Rahman, Abd. The Biased Truth of Arab Media. World Press Review 50:22-23 June 2003.
A critical evaluation of the Arab media is presented in which it is described as having contributed to the deficiency in the thinking of the Arab people. Arab media is pointed out to be characterized by a lack of objectivity and neutrality.

Alter, Jonathan. The Media's 'Balancing' Act. Newsweek 138:60 October 8, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5267284&db=f5h

Alter, Jonathan and Brant, Martha. The Other Air Battle. Newsweek 141:38-39 April 7, 2003.
Discusses war and the media with regards to the U.S.-led war in Iraq. Why the Pentagon allowed reporters to travel with the troops in Iraq; Statement that Al-Jazeera is the primary source for news worldwide, and that it broadcasts graphic footage of the fighting around the globe; How some U.S. families of prisoners of war (POW) learned of their loved ones' fate from satellite dishes that picked up foreign broadcasts; Report that Italy is one of the only nations with a consistently pro-U.S. view on television, and makes the claim that this is because Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi owns 90 percent of the stations; Debate on whether the media should air pictures of dead soldiers, POWs and dead Iraqi civilians.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9406944&db=aph

Alterman, Eric. 'Objectivity' RIP. The Nation 273:12 December 24, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5806469&db=f5h

Alterman, Eric. What Liberal Media? Nation 276:11-14 February 24, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9070880&db=aph

Baker, Brendt and Noyes, Rich. Peter Jennings Flunked as a War Time Anchor. Human Events 59:5 April 28, 2003.
Discusses the ratings given by Media Research Center for media coverage of the U.S.-led war on Iraq in 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9676179&db=aph

Barone, Michael. Statues Fall, Minds Change. U.S. News & World Report 134:35 May 26, 2003.
Comments on the inaccuracy of the Arab media in the Middle East with the view that some journalists and intellectuals support propaganda campaigns.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9770820&db=aph

Beeman, William O. Berg Beheading Caps U.S. Failure in Iraq Media Wars. National Catholic Reporter 40:18 May 28, 2004.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13215101&db=aph

Bennett, Susan. How the Iraq War Was Seen Overseas. World & I 18:62-67 July 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10129398&db=f5h

Bernstein, Nina. Should War Reporters Testify Too? New York Times Section B, page 9: December 14, 2002.
An electronic copy of this article can be found by using the AU Library subscription to the Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe database at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Boas, Phil. Bloggers The Light at the End of the Newspaper's Tunnel. Masthead 57:6-9 Spring 2005.
Presents an article about the significance of Weblogs to U.S. journalism. Reaction of the mainstream media to the emergence of Weblogs; Credit received by Power Line bloggers for exposing the fame memos behind the CBS story on the military service of President George W. Bush; Impact of Weblogs on the newspaper industry.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=16012422

Bray, Chris. The Media and GI Joe. Reason 33:22-30 February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5947180&db=aph

Callahan, Sidney. Getting It Right. Commonweal 128:7-8 November 23, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5567296&db=f5h

Cherry, Steven M. The Blog of War. IEEE Spectrum 40:48 June 2003.
The conflict in Iraq was about tanks and planes and troops and supply lines, but it was also about information, more than any other military conflict has ever been. Equally new and innovative, however, has been the emergence of war-oriented weblogs—so-called warblogs — by journalists and by at times obsessive civilians.

Cloud, John. How Do They See Us Now? Time 158:65-66 December 10, 2001.
Focuses on shifts in the Muslim media and public opinion since the virtual defeat of the Taliban in Afghanistan. Indication that the war viewed in Arab and Muslim media has different information than what is being given to Americans.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5598199&db=aph

Coleman, Sarah. Shock, But No Awe. World Press Review  50:27 June 2003.
Reports on the coverage by Africa based newspapers of the 2003 US war against Iraq.

Competitive Media War. World Press Review 50:10 May 2003.
Focuses on the role of media on the war of US in Iraq. Need for the approval of the US military before revealing facts about the conflict; Impact of the competition for news on war reportage.

Cooper, Christopher. Iraqi Television Viewers Get More Options. Wall Street Journal 243:A4 May 30, 2004.
Provides information on the plan of the U.S. to build a rival broadcasting network for Arab Broadcaster al-Jazeera in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000625636271&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Darley, William M. War Policy, Public Support, and the Media. Parameters 35:121-134 Summer 2005.
This article focuses on war policy in the U.S. Since at least the Civil War, anecdotal assertions associated with media influence on American wars have caused controversy among government officials, members of the military, scholars, pundits, and members of the press as they continue to argue the media's effects. Historically, contention over the issue of media influence has become particularly acute when the policies of the administration executing the conflict are perceived as being either too slow, or failing, to achieve their political objectives at the cost of mounting casualties.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=17207809

Dettmer, Jamie. Quality Sacrificed at Altar of 24-Hour News. Insight on the News 19:13 April 29, 2003.
Also available online at: http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=415898

Drezner, Daniel W. and Farrell, Henry. Web of Influence. Foreign Policy 145:32-40 November-December 2004.
This article examines the practice of writing Web logs and discusses the increasing importance of the practice to journalism.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=14854154

Easton, Nina J. Blacked Out. American Journalism Review 24:36-40 March 2002.
The Bush administration's strict controls have made it very difficult for journalists to provide a full picture of the war in Afghanistan. The situation will get even tougher in the coming months, as covert US military activity spreads to other countries.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110661962&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Emil, Reid. War Coverage That Angered Everyone. The World & I 18:62-67 November 2003.
Focuses on the coverage made by the U.S. media on the Iraq war of 2003. Role of media in the society during time of war; Litany of media abuses in the U.S. war coverage; Response of foreign observers to the U.S. media coverage.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11203044&db=f5h

Ewers, Justin. Is the New News God News? U.S. News & World Report 134:48-49 April 7, 2003.
Discusses how embedded journalists, technology and logistics have changed the nature of war reporting.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9406818&db=aph

Fattah, Hassan. Flash Point. New Republic 228:10 June 30, 2003.
The article could have been written off as an embarrassment for a new newspaper or yet another example of bad Arab journalism. Instead, a retracted news story about a military rape became a litmus test for the U.S. interim administration's attitude toward the nascent Iraqi press.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10069477&db=aph

Flottau, Heiko. Media Mean Business. World Press Review 50:13-14 May 2003.
Focuses on the role of journalists in the Iraqi war. Supervision of the reporters by an assigned minder from the Ministry of Information; Payments received by the ministry from the journalists; Limited job opportunities faced by the journalists in the country.
Also available online at: http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1055.cfm

Grossman, Lev and others. Meet Joe Blog. Time 163:64-68 June 21, 2004.
Examines the rising popularity of websites known as blogs. Definition of the term; News presented with definite bias and humor; Content of the amateur web sites; How the word blog came to be made and its role in grammar; Software company that makes the software needed to create a blog estimates 970,000 users; Military bloggers who address issues around Iraq.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=13424486

Hammond, Andrew. A New Era of Openness? Middle East 320:46-47 February 2002.
Western diplomats in Cairo acknowledge Qandil's programme has become the most hard-hitting anti-American forum in the country. American officials never invited on to air their views have staged their own campaign to win over Egyptian public opinion.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6131920&db=aph

Hanson, Christopher. Women Warriors: How the Press Has Helped--and Hurt--In the Battle For Equality. Columbia Journalism Review 41:46-49 May-June 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6661443&db=aph

Harman, Danna. World and America Watching Different Wars. Christian Science Monitor World, p. 01 March 25, 2003.
In fact, American audiences are seeing and reading about a different war than the rest of the world. The news coverage in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, reflects and defines the widening perception gap about the motives for this war. Surveys show that an increasing number of Americans believe this is a just war, while most of the world's Arabs and Muslims see it as a war of aggression. Media coverage does not necessarily create these leanings, say analysts, but it works to cement them. "The difference in coverage between the US and the rest of the world helped contribute to the situation that we're in now,'' says Kim Spencer, president of WorldLink TV, a US satellite channel devoted to airing foreign news. "Americans have been unable to see how they're perceived."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=9355769

Harris, Shane. Federal Radio, TV Networks Aim to Change Arab Hearts and Minds. Government Executive July 31, 2003.
On Line Article.
Also available online at: http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0703/073103h1.htm

Hedges, Chris. The Press and the Myths of War. Nation 276:16-18 April 21, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9475031&db=f5h

Hertzberg, Hendrik. How All the News Fit. New Yorker 77:29 January 14, 2001.
Following the Sep 11 terrorist attacks, the "New York Times" decided to turn the sports section of the paper upside down and put it on the back of Metro in order to provide space for coverage of the tragedy. The idea was an astute commentary on a long-standing journalistic problem, which is that news about sports is not really news at all--not, at any rate, in the sense that news about politics, economic and social developments, and international affairs is news.

Hertzberg, Hendrik. Jitters. New Yorker 77:31-2 October 29, 2001.
Hertzberg discusses the depressing nature of the news and the pros and cons of having access to 24 cable news channels. He says that with the nagging possibility of another terrorist attack the US citizens feel vulnerable and anxious.

Heyboer, Kelly. Poised For Battle. American Journalism Review 24:16-17 November 2002.
Reports on the formation of the Military Reporters & Editors organization, goals and history of the organization.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7720867&db=aph

Hickey, Neil. Perspectives on War: Different Cultures, Different Coverage. Columbia Journalism Review 40:40-43 March-April 2002.
Hickey examines some of the differences in news media perspective on the US war in Afghanistan. He compares television coverage in the West with that of Al Jazeera, Afghanistan's home network.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110374756&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Hills, Mils and Holloway, Rachel. Competing For Media Control in an Age of Asymmetric Warfare. Jane's Intelligence Review 14:20-23 May 2002.
Western powers in the media age will need to compete with 'asymmetric' networks to put their message across to target audiences and defend their positions to domestic populations.

Hoffman, David. Beyond Public Diplomacy. Foreign Affairs 81:83-96 March-April 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6249403&db=f5h

How To Report Under Fire. Foreign Policy 140:16 January-February 2004.
Offers pieces of advice for journalists in reporting in times of war. Number of journalists who died during conflict in Iraq in spring of 2003; Steps taken by some organizations to reduce the toll of war; Advice given by Neely Tucker, staff writer of "Washington Post."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=12065141&db=aph

Hume, Brit. Cynical Media is not Playing Fair. USA Today Magazine 132:20-21 January 2004.
Offers views on the role of mass media in developing negative feelings by some people toward the U.S. military power.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11835381&db=aph

Jakobsen, Peter V. Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible and Indirect. Journal of Peace Research vol. 37, no. 5:547-562 March 2000.
The media ignores most conflicts most of the time. The coverage of the pre- and post-violence phases is negligible at best and only a few armed conflicts are covered in the violence phase. As focus and funds follow the cameras, the 1990s have witnessed a transfer of resources from more cost-effective, long-term efforts directed at preventing violent conflict and rebuilding war-torn societies to short-term emergency relief. Selective media coverage also contributes to an irrational allocation of short-term emergency relief because coverage is determined by factors other than humanitarian need. This invisible and indirect media impact on Western conflict management is far greater than the direct impact on intervention and withdrawal decisions that the debate over the CNN effect focuses on.
Also available online at: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3433%28200003%2937%3A2%3C131%3AFOTCEM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K

James, Caryn. British Take Blunter Approach to War Reporting. New York Times 151:B-4 November 9, 2001.
Full text electronic article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

James, Caryn. The War's Dark Side: Filling In the Blanks. New York Times 153:E1 May 21, 2004.
Examines how the media is covering the war in Iraq and some of the less palatable images. Full text electronic article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Jensen, Robert. The Military's Media. Progressive 67:22-25 May 2003.
Discusses the failure of the U.S. mass media in covering the war on Iraq. Description on how war correspondents who were with U.S. troops in Iraq covered the events of the war; Criteria for evaluating news media performance.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9612137&db=aph

Johnson, Peter. Reporter 'Embeds' Are Here to Stay. USA Today Section: Life:10d December 26, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=J0E185005499503&db=f5h

Jukes, Stephen. Real-Time Responsibility: Journalism's Challenges in an Instantaneous Age. Harvard International Review 24:14-18 Summer 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6802314&db=f5h

Kaplan, Robert D. The Story of A War. Atlantic Monthly 292:161-163 November 2003.
In their coverage of the Iraq war last spring, embedded reporters provided vertical depth but little horizontal scope. That is the job not of war correspondents or even of military experts but of military historians.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10991231&db=aph

Kavotsky, Bill. An Oral History Tells Stories Seldom Heard During the War. Nieman Reports 57:77-80 Winter 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11853891&db=ufh

Kennedy, George. Perspectives on War: The British See Things Differently. Columbia Journalism Review 40:48-51 March-April 2002.
Kennedy discusses the reaction of the British news media to the terrorist attacks of Sep 11, 2001 on the US. While the press initially aligned itself with the US, in the months following the attack it has taken a more independent stance and has frequently investigated US conduct.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110374762&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Kitfield, James. The Pen and The Sword. Government Executive 32:18-23 April 1, 2000.
Also available online at: http://www.govexec.com/features/0400/0400s1.htm

Knights, Michael. The New Radio Wars in Iraq. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy 31, no. 5:8-9 May 2003.
Iraqi public opinion was expected to remain highly-susceptible to influence operations using broadcast media, yet the Coalition was arguably slower to shape the media environment than either indigenous political actors or neighboring Iran's State-sponsored media network. Knights accentuates the need for the US government to speed up their own efforts to fill the information vacuum which exist in Iraq, and to regulate rather than censor Iraq's media.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000527180231&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Kohut, Andrew. Listen Up, Bias Mongers! The Audience Doesn't Agree. Columbia Journalism Review 40:68 March-April 2002.
While the American media has often been accused of being liberally biased, Kohut discusses the belief by many Americans that the news media is biased toward its own self-interest, rather than biased toward a political ideology.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110374777&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Kunkel, Thomas. War Comes Home: Strange Days Create New Challenges for Journalists. American Journalism Review 23:4 December 2001.
Editorial. The war on terrorism is a new brand of war for a new age, and it is creating new challenges for journalists. The most obvious one is that the press itself has become a target of terrorists. Finding themselves in the center of the story alters the calculus for journalists in many ways, not least being that it makes objectivity, always difficult at best in wartime, that much more elusive.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=94139295&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Kuttab, Daoud. The Arab TV Wars. New York Times Magazine 152:44-47 April 6, 2003.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000322061021&Fmt=1&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Lambert, Richard. Misunderstanding Each Other Foreign Affairs 82:62-74 March-April 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=9126672

Leo, John. Making Media Accountable. U.S. News & World Report 138:71 February 28, 2005.
Comments on accountability and the media. Observation that news media frame and package the news; Suggestion by political scientists Louis Bolce and Gerald De Maio that newsrooms have been partisan in the debate over religion and politics for many years; The rising power of bloggers; Question of why some in mainstream media keep depicting bloggers as inaccurate; Role of bloggers in checking media stories.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=16196815

Lipton, Joshua and Giuffo, John. Reverberations: Across the Land a New Sense of Vigor and Purpose is Spurring Regional Dalies Since September 11. Columbia Journalism Review 40:44-50 January-February 2002.
Giuffo and Lipton offer a look at how ten newspapers have been covering the war on terrorism, including The Seattle Times and the San Jose Mercury News. Each newspaper experiences the war on terrorism differently and how they cover it reveals something about their respective cultures.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=103207618&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

MacArthur, John R. More Skewed, Very Biased. Macleans 116:34-35 April 7, 2003.
Interviews John R. MacArthur, president and publisher of 'Harper's' magazine and author of the 1992 book 'Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War.' How war news in the U.S. is biased and pro-military; Thoughts on U.S. reporters being embedded with U.S. soldiers and reporting from the front line; Opinion concerning military censorship versus self-censorship.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9415942&db=aph

MacDonald, Sam. Misunderestimating the Public. Reason 33:16-18 February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5947177&db=f5h

Marlantes, Liz. The Other Boots on the Ground: The Embedded Press. Christian Science Monitor 95:1 April 23, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9562193&db=aph

Massing, Michael. Mopping Up. Nation 274:41-42 January 7, 2002.
Focuses on the impact of September 11 terrorist attacks on media in the United States. Problems associated with the delivery of news; Absence of creative news judgment; Role of journalists in terrorism.

Matthews, Chris. Coming Together in an Age of 24/7. Newsweek 138:60 November 5, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5424047&db=f5h

McCafferty, Dennis. The Blog. American Legion 158:42-44 February 2005.
Examines the role of Weblogs in politics. Influence of blogs on world events, scandals and politics; Comparison of a blog and the traditional media; Resemblance of blogging to the newsletter and pamphleteer movement of the 20th century.

McCormick, Patrick. See No Evil. U.S. Catholic 67:46-48 July 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6857522&db=aph

McGowan, William. A Press for Diversity. American Legion 153:30-36 July 2002.
Years of biased reporting on race, gay rights and other sensational issues have caused Americans to mistrust the media.

McMichael, William H. and Crawley, Vince. Reporters in the Ranks: Pentagon Promises Press More Uncensored Access for This War. Navy Times 52:16 March 10, 2003.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:NVTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=101CB146522EC84B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Miller, Mark Crispin. What's Wrong With This Picture? Nation 274:18-22 January 7, 2002.
Focuses on the growth of media cartel in the United States. Influence of cartel on journalism.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5850789&db=aph

Minow, Newton N. The Whisper of America: Mass Communication or Mass Destruction? Vital Speeches of the Day 68:365-370 April 1, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6445401&db=f5h

Moaveni, Azadeh. How Images of Death Became Must See TV. Time 159:40 April 29, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6535605&db=aph

Moeller, Susan D. Locating Accountability: The Media and Peacekeeping. Journal of International Affairs 55:369-390 Spring 2002.
Focuses on the role of the mass media in international relations and peacekeeping operations. Media-generated pressure on the United Nations to handle international conflicts; Influence of the media on various peacekeeping missions in the 1990s; Significance of media images in confirming or undermining political stances of countries.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7700426&db=aph&tg=AN

My Instincts Tell Me To Stay. World Press Review 50:8-10 May 2003.
Relates experience of a Scandinavian correspondent about the war in Iraq; Difficulty of covering war crimes in the country; Policy of the Iraqi authorities on Western Journalists; Fear of Iraqis to criticize the regime.
Also available online at: http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1054.cfm

Nattering Nabobs of Negativism. Weekly Standard 7:4-5 November 26, 2001.

Nordlinger, Jay. Thanks for the MEMRI (Middle East Media Research Institute). National Review 54:33-35 May 6, 2002.
The institute provides translations of Arabic, Farsi and Hebrew media as well as well as analyzing trends in the Middle East.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6550426&db=f5h

North, Don. Credibility in Iraq: A Fragile Commodity. Soldier of Fortune 29 :50-51 February 2004.
A negative view on the Iraqi Media Network, a network sponsored by the U.S.

O'Brien, Meredith. A Growing Divide. Quill 90:14-17 January-February 2002.
War coverage has pushed press values and the public's values even farther apart.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6105969&db=aph

O'Sullivan, John. How a Virtuous Media Can Promote World Peace. World and I 20:N April 2005.
Presents a speech by John O'Sullivan, editor of "The National Interest" magazine, delivered at the World Media Conference in Washington, D.C. on April 24, 2004. Explanation on globalization and other factors that contributed to global governance; Conflict between national governments and transnational organizations; Tasks of the media in terrorism and other world crisis.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&an=17083274

The Other War: A Debate Columbia Journalism Review 41:54 May 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9848860&db=aph

Parks, Michael. Foreign News: What' s Next? Columbia Journalism Review 40:52-57 January-February 2002.
Parks discusses how long American journalists will cover international news. Most news organizations have failed to cover what a substantial number of their readers and viewers believed is vitally important--the danger posed to the US by global terrorism.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=103207704&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Perlmutter, David D. Wisdom From Images of War The Chronicle of Higher Education 49:section 2, the Chronicle Review, p.B11-B12 April 25, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9633734&db=f5h

Picking Sides for the News. Newsweek 143:37 June 28, 2004.
Examines how Americans pick the news they want to watch. How it is easy to choose sides and be exposed to the news you want to hear. How people are picking their media on the basis of partisanship; How the news media is catering to this trend making the news more selective and slanted.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13489385&db=aph

Poniewozik, James. The Battle for Hearts and Minds. Time 158:68-70 October 22, 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5405009&db=f5h

Poniewozik, James. What You See Vs. What They See: The Arab Networks Are Not Without Bias, But They Often Fill in Missing Pictures From the War. Time 161:68-69 April 7, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9394798&db=aph

Questions of Balance in the Middle East. Columbia Journalism Review 42:54 May-Jun 2003.
Hassan presents a debate between Ahmed Bouzid, a software developer in Philadelphia, and Ira Stoll, managing editor and vice president of "The New York Sun," about the news coverage of the conflict in the Middle East. They debate over the fairness and balance on news media coverage, the central points of the American media, and the best and worst American news outlets when it comes to Middle East coverage.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=354274331&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Rai, Ajai K. Media at War: Issues and Limitations. Strategic Analysis: A Monthly Journal of the ISDA 24: December 2000.
Also available online at: http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/sa/sa_dec00raa01.html

Reynolds, Gregg. Alternative TV. Christian Century 120:8-9 April 19, 2003.
Provides information on the Arabic-language television channel al-Jazeera.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9520229&db=aph

Ricchiardi, Sherry. The Anthrax Enigma. American Journalism Review 23:18-23 December 2001.
As they struggled to cover the bioterror scare, the news media had no precedents, no blueprints. Neither did their often disagreeing sources. Ricchiardi discusses whether news outlets kept their audiences informed without duly heightening the fear.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=94140014&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Rich, Frank. The News Today: One Hard Slap. New York Times 151:H-1 November 14, 2001.
Full text article electronic article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Rich, Frank. Saving Private England. New York Times 153:Section 2, p. 1 May 16, 2004.
Focuses on press coverage of Jessica Lynch and Lynndie England, two working-class women from West Virginia who went off to war in Iraq. Full text electronic article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Rieder, Rem. Getting Serious. Substance in the News Media. American Journalism Review 23:6 November 2001.
Editorial. Reider discusses how journalism has changed since the terrorist attacks of Sep 11. He hopes that the commitment to substance endures after the current crisis ebbs.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=90777237&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Robertson, Lori. Images of War. American Journalism Review October-November 2004.
This year the American news media have displayed pictures of burned bodies in Fallujah, flag-draped coffins coming home from Iraq and the abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib. But were they too squeamish when it came to showing the carnage of war during the invasion last year?
Also available online at: http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=3759

Robertson, Lori. Whatever Happened to Afghanistan? American Journalism Review 25:24-31 June-July 2003.
Details on the percentage of decline in media coverage as monitored by Andrew Tyndall, reporter; Newspapers that continue to provide updates about the commitment of the U.S. on reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan; Shift of the focus of media to the war in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9939200&db=aph

Rollins, Karina. Doubt and Derision Over Baghdad. American Enterprise 14:22-27 July-August 2003.
Comments on reporting about the US war with Iraq.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10035049&db=f5h

Rozen, Laura. Journalists Taking Flack in Iraq. The Nation 278:27- January 12-19, 2004.
Rozen claims that many reporters say harassment and intimidation by American soldiers at Iraq is growing. She further says that journalists are disturbed by what they see as very deliberate decisions made by the White House and the Pentagon to restrict the media's ability to cover the most politically sensitive aspect of the war at home--the repatriation of the bodies of troops killed in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000522124691&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Russell, William. The Evolution of War Reporting From the Crimea to Iraq. Army 54:32-38 February 2004.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000538868381&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Sachs, Susan. Arab Media Portray War as Killing Field. New York Times 152:B-1 April 4, 2003.
Discusses the portrayal of the Iraqi War by Arab media. Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Santos, Richard J. Freedom of the Press Has Limits. American Legion 152:8-11 June 2002.

Scherer, Michael. In Review: Framing the Flag. Columbia Journalism Review 40:10 March-April 2002.
Scherer discusses the patriotic bias that the American news media has shown towards the US war on terrorism in Afghanistan. Journalists claim that they ignore partisan assaults on their journalism and refuse to let it affect their work.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110374491&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Schultz, Fred L. Christiane Amanpour. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 128:54-56 April 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6441256&db=aph

Schultz, Fred L. George F. Will. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 127:42-44 May 2001.
Interview.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=4881980&db=aph

Seib, Philip. The News Media and the "Clash of Civilizations" Parameters 34 :71-85 Winter 2004-2005.
The article discusses the news media and the clash of civilization. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the demise of the Soviet Union, and other events marking the end of the Cold War, the news media found themselves searching for new ways to approach international coverage. The 9/11 attacks, the resulting Afghanistan War, and the Iraq War begun in 2003 all lend themselves to political and journalistic shorthand, there is a new array of villains, and they have Islam in common. That must mean that a clash of civilizations is under way.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=15248477

Seplow, Stephen. Closer To Home. American Journalism Review 24:18-29 July-August 2002.
Long relegated to the margins, foreign news has experiences an modest resurgence since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, most of which focuses on the Middle East. Seplow discusses whether the coverage will subside after the crisis ebbs.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=136083961&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Sheehan, Daniel B. TV War Coverage in Iraq Could Have Been Better. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 129:73 October 2003.
The article focuses on television coverage of War in Iraq. With regard to analysis of that coverage, there seems to be a self-congratulatory tone in both military and media circles. Most broadcasts from Kuwait and Iraq featured the networks' embedded reporters, who seemed to be on camera a disproportionately large part of each broadcast.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11049162&db=aph

Shields, Todd. Journalists Believe Feds Jamming the Free Press. Editor and Publisher 135:3-4 March 18, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6419414&db=aph

Smolkin, Rachael. Media Mood Swings. American Journalism Review 25:16-23 June-July 2003.
Talks about criticisms on media reports on the U.S. war in Iraq. Comment on the contrasting reports of the media about the war; Statement issued by U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld regarding the attitude of the media toward reporting; Effect of the contrasting reports on the audience.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9939199&db=aph

Solomon, Norman. Terrorism, TV and the Rage for Vengeance. Media Coverage of September 11 Attacks. The Humanist 61:6 November-December 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5404211&db=f5h

Teachout, Terry. Culture in the Age of Blogging. Commentary 119:39-48 June 2005.
Presents an article on creating the Web log called About Last Night; Terry Teachout on the Arts in New York City which deals with cultural issues in the U.S. Change in the common culture of shared values and knowledge in the country; Repudiation of the universal significance of Western culture by a group of minority students and faculty members at Stanford University in California in 1988; Use of political Web logs in delivering news.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=17136908

Thompson, Mark and Price, Monroe E. Intervention, Media and Human Rights. Survival 45:183-202 Spring 2003.
While conflict and propaganda have twinned each other throughout history, international peacemaking and peacekeeping interventions are a recent phenomenon. These operations have had to develop a capacity for tackling the problem of media manipulation in societies racked by, or recovering from, massive conflict. These efforts have been conducted for the most part in the dark. There was little organisational awareness of how to react either to the incendiary uses of media in Rwanda before and during the 1994 genocide, or to the systematic manipulation of public opinion in Bosnia after Dayton. International peace operations have often seemed at a loss when facing hostile propaganda emitted by host governments after 'consenting' to deployments on their soil.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=490007021&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Timmerman, Kenneth R. The French Spin a Different War Story. Insight on the News 19: April 29, 2003.
Reports on how state-managed news media in France portray the U.S.-led war against Iraq.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9629775&db=f5h

Trombly, Maria. Ethics and War. Quill 89:14-17 December 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5720209&db=aph

Tugend, Alina. Explaining the Rage. American Journalism Review. December 2001.
How well has the American media done in analyzing why much of the Muslim world seems so resentful of the U.S.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5642177&db=aph

Tyson, Ann Scott. Media Caught in Iraq's War of Perceptions. Christian Science Monitor 95:247 November 18, 2003.
Newly enforced restrictions on media coverage reflect Washington's sensitivity to public attitudes. At home, reporters are kept at a distance from Iraq servicemens' funerals at Arlington National Cemetery; they are not allowed to photograph caskets returning to Delaware's Dover Air Base. In Iraq, the military has mistakenly fired on journalists, detained them, or confiscated their equipment, leading media organizations to raise protests with the Pentagon.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=11418592

Under the Gun: Journalism In Time of War. World Press Review 49:6-13 May 2002.

Wilson, George C. Reporters in Iraq and Endangered Species. National Journal 35:3765 December 13, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?AN=11799896&db=aph

Wolff, Michael. Al Jazeera's Edge. New York 36:24-27 April 28, 2003.

Yamani, Mai. Saudi Arabia: The 'Arab Street', the Media and Popular Agitation Since September 11 Asian Affairs 34:143-147 July 2003.
Discusses how the war on terrorism following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., has exposed the Saudi Arabian society to the international media. Use of censorship in Saudi Arabia; Impact of the development of inter-Arab electronic media; Challenge posed by the issues of Palestine and Iraq to the Saudi regime.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=10230697

Zednik, Rick. Inside Al-Jazeera. Columbia Journalism Review 40:44-47 March-April 2002.
Zednik profiles the Al Jazeera television news network. Al Jazeera has a major, controversial influence on the Middle East's attitudes towards the West, current events and international relations, in spite of its limited resources.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110374758&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Zinsmeister, Karl. They're In The Army Now. National Review 55:32-43 April 21, 2003.
Criticizes the caliber of journalists embedded with allied troops in the Iraq War.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9470442&db=aph

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Videos

Brugmans, George. The Media and Democracy in the Arab World. Films for the Humanities, 2000. 45 minutes.
This program goes behind the scenes of Al Jezeera, the "CNN of the Arab world".
Video call no.: 070.195 M489

Koppel, Ted. Patriotism, Journalism and War. New Hudson, MI, ABC News Productions, 2003. 73 minutes.
The public's right to know vs. national security issues discussed from the journalist and military points of view.
Video call no.: 070.4333 P314

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Air War College. Ira C. Eaker College For Professional Development. Public Affairs and Media Relations. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air War College, 2003.
Available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awcmedia.htm
Air War College Gateway to Internet Resources web page. Under the Leadership, Ethics and Command Central curriculum page.

Department of Defense. Public Affairs Guidance on Embedding Media During Possible Future Operations. February 2003.
Available online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2003/d20030228pag.pdf
Message from the Secretary of Defense.

Embedded Reporters: What Are Americans Getting? PEJ Looks at Embedding. Washington, Project for Excellence in Journalism. Journalism.org, April 3, 2003.
Available online at: http://www.journalism.org/resources/research/reports/war/embed/default.asp
What are Americans getting on television from this "embedded" reporting? How close to the action are the "embeds" getting? Who are they talking to? What are they talking about?

Miskin, Sarah, Rayner, Laura, and Lalic, Maria. Media Under Fire: Reporting Conflict in Iraq. Canberra, Australia, Parliament of Australia. Department of the Parliamentary Library, 24 March 2003. (Current Issues Brief No. 21 2002-03).
Available online at: http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/CIB/2002-03/03cib21.htm
This Brief canvasses some of the issues involved in today's media coverage of conflict. It discusses the role of a free media in a democracy and discusses whether 'embedding' can be seen as an attempt by the military to bring the media on side in its battle for public support. The paper notes the impacts that new technologies have and comments on a possible problem for 'embedded' war correspondents in that they may be called to give evidence to a war crimes tribunal.
070.449355 M678m.

Mordan, Jon. Press Pools, Prior Restraint and the Persian Gulf War. Aerospace Power Chronicles June 6, 1999. (Chronicles Articles).
Available online at: http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/mordan.html
On line article.

National Coalition Against Censorship. NCAC and Journalism Groups Urge Bush Administration to Abide By Established Combat Coverage Guidelines.. December 19, 2002.
Available online at: http://www.ncac.org/issues/principlespressrelease.htm

Pasquarett, Michael. Reporters on the Ground: The Military and the Media's Joint Experience During Operation Iraqi Freedom. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Center for Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College, October 2003. (Issue Paper)
Available online at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usacsl/Publications/CSL%20Issue%20Paper%208-03.pdf

Robinson, Piers. The News Media and Intervention: Critical Media Coverage, Policy Uncertainty and Air Power Intervention During Humanitarian Crisis. London, School of Politics and Communications Studies. University of Liverpool, April 2000.
Available online at: http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/2000/Robinson%20Piers.pdf
Paper for the Political Studies Association - UK 50th Annual Conference.

U. S. Department of Defense.  Department of Defense Directive 5230.0.  Clearance of DoD Information for Public Release.  April 9, 1996.
Available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/52309.htm

U. S. Department of Defense.  Department of Defense Directive 5410.14.  Cooperation With U. S. News Media Representatives at the Scene of Military Accidents Occurring Outside Military Installations.  October 25, 1963/1968/1970, 3 p.
Available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/541014.htm

U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Pub 3-13. Joint Doctrine for Information Operations.. 9 October 1998. 136 p.
Available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_13.pdf

U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Pub 3-57. Doctrine for Civil Military Operations. 9 October 1998. 195 p.
Available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_57.pdf
See chapter III section 11: Public Affairs.

U. S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Pub 3-61. Public Affairs. May 2005. 61 p.
Available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_61.pdf

Books

Aukofer, Frank. America's Team: The Odd Couple: a Report on the Relationship Between the Media and the Military. Nashville, TN, The Freedom Forum First Amendment Center, 1995. 216 p.
Also available online at: http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=13999
Book call no.: 070.449355 A923a

Baroody, Judity Raine. Media Access and the Military: The Case of the Gulf War. Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 1998. 239 p.
Book call no.: 070.4 B266m

Beidler, Philip D. The Good War's Greatest Hits: World War II and American Remembering. Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press, 1998. 220 p.
Book call no.: 791.43658 B422g

Combelles-Siegel, Pascale. Target Bosnia: Integrating Information Activities in Peace Operations: NATO-led Operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina, December 1995-1997. Washington, National Defense University, 1998. 1998 p.

Craig, Adriane B. The Role of Public Affairs in the Military Media Relationship. Wright Patterson AFB, OH, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2000. 236 p. (Masters Thesis, Arizona State University)
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA379993
Book call no.: 070.449355 C886r

Hammond, William M. Public Affairs: the Military and the Media, 1962-1968. Washington, Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1988. 413 p. (United States Army in Vietnam)
Book call no.: 959.7043373 H227p

Hammond, William M. Reporting Vietnam Media and Military at War. Lawrence, KS, University Press of Kansas, 1998. 362 p. (Modern war studies)
Based on classified and recently declassified government documents, as well as on extensive interviews and surveys of press war coverage, Reporting Vietnam tells how government and media first shared a common vision of American involvement in Vietnam. It then reveals how, as the war dragged on, upbeat government press releases were consistently challenged by journalists' reports from the field and finally how, as public sentiment shifted against the war, Presidents Johnson and Nixon each tried to manage the news media, sparking a heated exchange of recriminations.
Book call no.: 959.70438 H227r

Kaspar, Beth M. The End of Secrecy: Military Competitiveness in the Age of Transparency. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air War College. Center for Strategy and Technology, 2001. 60 p. (Occasional Paper, no. 23)
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA394253
Book call no.: 355.033073 K19e

Kennedy, William V. The Military and the Media: Why the Press Cannot Be Trusted to Cover a War. Westport, CT, Praeger, 1993. 167 p.
Book call no.: 070.449355 K36m

Moskos, Charles C. The Media and the Military in Peace and Humanitarian Operations. Chicago, IL, Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation, 2000. 61 p. (Cantigny Conference Series)
Book call no.: 355.342 M911m

Murray, Gene. Covering Sex, Race, and Gender in the American Military Services. Lewiston, NY, The Edwin Mellen Press, 2003. 153 p. (Mellen Studies in Journalism Volume 6)
Book call no.: 355.0080973 M982c

Pulwers, Jack Edward. The Press of Battle: the GI Reporter and the American People: the Story of Combat Correspondents, Information and News-- Fighting, Sighting and Writing of World War II. Raleigh, N.C. Ivy House Pub. Group, 2003. 848 p.
This book is a highly detailed chronology by a World War II Army infantryman-turned-journalist. It is an in-depth book brimming with names, dates and events within and surrounding WW II, which fostered the greatest military print information explosion in history. Referring to a time when both seasoned and "green" civilian reporters rushed to enlist in the services with hopes to make their mark in wartime journalism, Dr. Pulwers sets the stage for the accomplishments of journalists such as Ernie Pyle, Milt Lehman, Joe Rosenthal and hundreds of others. The book describes the challenges of journalists who chased battles on motorcycles and filed their stories via carrier pigeons. Additionally, the author addresses the concerns of commanders who had to balance the security of battle plans and the mutual need for journalists' self-censorship while providing battlefield information to the American public. Those same concerns exist today. There is a chapter devoted to each military service's public relations and information efforts with descriptions on how the journalists fed information to military personnel on battlefields, bases and stations around the world. The Army's Yank; Navy's All Hands; Coast Guard's Valiant Press and the Marine Corps' Gazette and Leatherneck all receive deserved attention.
Book call no.: 940.540088 P983p

Robb, David L. Operation Hollywood: How the Pentagon Shapes and Censors the Movies. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2004. 384 p.
Book call no.: 363.310973 R631o

Sylvester, Judith L. and Huffman, Suzanne. Reporting From the Front: The Media and the Military. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 266.
Though the title does not make it clear, this is essentially a study of the embedded-reporter approach used by the media during the Iraq War. Sylvester and Huffman base the study on interviews with people who "were there" and with key figures back at home. After an opening "retrospective," where they describe the careers of such iconic reporters as Walter Cronkite and Bob Schieffer (and several print journalists), the authors move on to discussion of how the military managed the war, how the media did the same thing, visual journalism, print journalists, television (station and network) journalists, radio journalists (two examples from NPR), and competition and complaints about the coverage and reporting process in Iraq. The authors build the study around careful descriptions of journalists, including their background and specific role in reporting the war and its aftermath. Appendixes provide documents, e.g., those telling embedded reporters what to bring--and not bring--to Iraq. Describing a different kind of war correspondent--one who works from the inside--this useful study does a good job of raising issues about the opportunities and the problems inherent in this kind of reporting.
Book call no.: 070.4499567 S985r

Trainor, Bernard E. Military Perspectives on Humanitarian Intervention and Military-Media Relations. Berkeley, CA, University of California, Berkley. Departments of Military Education, International and Area Studies, 1995. 55 p.
Book call no.: 355.0215 T768m

Young, Peter R. and Jesser, Peter. The Media and the Military: From the Crimea to Desert Strike. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997. 391 p.
Book call no.: 355.342 Y75m

Adamson, William G. Effects of Real-Time News Coverage On Military Decision Making. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 1997. 40 p.
Chapters: 2--Importance of News Coverage to Military Leaders; 3--The Role of the News Media; 4--News Media's Impact During the Gulf War; 5--News Coverage During the Somali Operation; 6--What Can Military Leaders Do?; 7--Future Implications of Real Time News Coverage.
Also available online at: https://research.au.af.mil/papers/ay1997/acsc/97-0304.pdf
Doc. call no.: M-U 43122 a2212e

Belknap, Margaret H. The CNN Effect: Strategic Enabler or Operational Risk? Carlisle Barracks, PA, US Army War College, 2001. 34 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390527
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 B432c

Bly, Theresa. Impact of Public Perception on US National Policy: A Study of Media Influence in Military and Government Decision Making. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. 145 p.
It is vital that the military understand how media methods drive public opinion so that these methods can be used to an advantage.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA407025
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 B661i

Burbach, Michael J. Public Affairs in the 21st Century. Carlisle, PA, US Army War College. Strategy Research Project, 1999. 44 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA366751
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 B946p

Cherry, Carl R. The Media-Military Relationship: Enduring Critical Aspects For the Operational Commander. Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 2002. 25 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401186
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 C522m

Cooper, Anthony. Public Affairs: An Effective Weapon in the Operational Commander's Arsenal. Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 1997. 27 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA325147
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 C7761p

Curtin, Joseph G. Strategic Leaders: It's Time to Meet the Press. Carlisle Barracks, PA, US Army War College, April 9, 2002. 32 p. (USAWC Strategy Research Project)
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA404515
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 C978s

Cutler, Dawn. Public Affairs: An Operational Planning Function to Safeguard Credibility and Public Opinion. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2004
The thesis of this paper is that PA must be considered, planned and used as an operational function that coordinates the dissemination of information released in the public domain. Because the media now plays such a prominent role in military operations and it is a means by which national and international audiences get their information, PA must be planned in an operational context throughout all phases of conflict. Although the target audiences may differ when a commander is considering message dissemination through either the PA or IC channel, the consistency of the messages is important to credibility and therefore communication coordination is vital.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ada422803
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 C7761p

Felman, Marc D. The Military/Media Clash and the New Principle of War: Media Spin. Maxwell AFB, AL, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, May 1992. 59 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43998.1 F319m

Flores, Jesse J. Military-Media Relationships: Analyzing U.S. Navy Officers' Attitudes Towards the News Media. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. 185 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA420429
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 F634m

Giorlando, Theresa. The Military and the Media: A Comparison Between Kosovo and the War on Terrorism. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air War College, 2003. 29 p.
Also available online at: https://research.au.af.mil/viewabstract.aspx?id=4754

Gradel, Robert S. Seeking Every Advantage: The Impact of Military-Media Relations on the Operational Commander. Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 1998. 18 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA348465
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 G732s

Grantham, Robin F. Air War Over Serbia: It Is Important To Win the Information War. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 2000. 30 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA394080
Doc. call no.: M-U 43122 G763a

Hannon, Gregory M. The Media and the Military: An Historical and Cultural Examination. Wright Patterson AFB, OH, Air Force Institute of Technology, 1998. 55 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA354276
Doc. call no.: M-U 39567-4 H246m

Kirby, John F. Shaping Today's Battlefield: Public Affairs as an Operational Function. Newport, RI, U.S. Naval War College, Febuary 8, 2000. 24 p.
Public affairs (PA) is more relevant to operational success than ever before and should be considered an operational function. Three developments support this contention. First, the mass media's ability to impact operations is getting stronger. Secondly, the often-ambiguous aims sought in most operations today require greater communication of military goals and objectives, as well as public support. Third, there has been an increasing reliance on PA support by personnel working in information operations
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA378545
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 K582s

Lehman, Patrick R. Embedded Media and the Operational Commander. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2004. 19 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ada422789

Lemire, Judith K. Bridging the Civil Military Gap: Capitalizing on Crisis. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U. S. Army War College, 2002. 34 p. (USAWC Strategy Research Project)
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA404432
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 L552b

Linschoten, Michael P. Hostile Media Manipulation: Planning For Operations With Media in a Hostile Information Warfare Environment. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 1999. 45 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43122 L7591h

MacNeil, James G. Media Effect on the Operational Commander: Are You Prepared For It? Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 1997. 24 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA325163
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 M1694m

Mancini, Richard V. Should U.S. Joint Military Doctrine Give the Media An Operational Function To Support the Operational Commander? Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 2002. 24 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA405616
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 M269s

McGrady, E. D. Operation Desert Fox: Information Campaign. Alexandria, VA, Center for Naval Analysis, 1999. 70 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 31914-40 no. 99-30

McHugh, James J. The Media Factor: An Essential Ingredient to Operational Success. Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 1997. 25 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA324813
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 M1511m

McKenna, Sean S. Breaking News: A Study of the Effects of Live Television News Coverage During Armed Conflicts. Wright Patterson AFB, OH, Air Force Institute of Technology, June 15, 2000. 190 p.
This study is a qualitative examination of how live television news coverage during armed conflicts affects military operational security and US foreign policy.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA378737
Doc. call no.: M-U 43567-970

Mitzel, Dennis R. When Will We Listen? Maxwell AFB, Al, Air War College, 1997. 37 p.
The purpose of this paper is to determine if there were indicators of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on 2 August 1990, that were not accurately assessed by allied decision makers in time to make a difference. Moreover, based on historical precedence, these indicators were hypothesized to be available from open (not classified) sources.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA399044
Doc. call no.: M-U 43117 M6851w

Mooney, Michael J. Live From the Battlefield. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2004
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA424638
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 M8181L

O'Boyle, Thomas R. The War of the Tiger and the Elephant: When the Military and the Media Collide. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air University, 2000. 55 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA393931
Doc. call no.: M-U 42252-91 O12w

Pascal, Kenneth M. Preparing for the "Perception" of War: Why a Better Public Affairs Program Is Important to the Operational Commander. Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2004. 24 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425968
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 P278p

Patton, Gary S. Public Affairs and Information Operations: Integral or Incompatible? Carlisle Barracks, PA, US Army War College, 2000. 20 p. (USAWC Strategy Research Project)
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA376340
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 P322p

Reynolds, Timothy D. The Operational Commander, the Media, and MOOTW: A New Paradigm. Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 1999. 21 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA363154
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 R465o

Rodriguez, Jose L. Embedding Success Into the Military-Media Relationship. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U. S. Army War College, 2004. 22 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ada423760
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 R696e

Ross, Robert T. Truth and Deceit: Media Relations and Military Deception. Newport RI, US Naval War College, 1998. 23 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA348390
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 R825t

Ryan, Peter M. The Fifth Estate: The New Media of Desert Storm. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1993. 75 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42525 R9893f

Scully, Michael A. The Media: An Influence on U.S. Foreign and Military Policy by Any Other Means, A Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, KS, US Army Command and General Staff College, 1998. 63 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 42022-2 S437m

Seetin, Robert E. The Media, Intelligence, and Information Proliferation: Managing and Leveraging the Chaos. Carlisle Barracks, PA, US Army War College, 1999. 73 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 S453m

Skinner, Bradley D. Public Affairs: A Facet of Operational Art? Newport, RI, US Naval War College, 1997. 20 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA325041
Doc. call no.: M-U 41662 S628p

Snyder, John B. Seeing Through the Conflict: Military-Media Relations. Carlisle Baracks, PA, U. S. Army War College, 2003. 33 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA413584
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 S675s

Starnes, Glenn T. Leveraging the Media: the Embedded Media Program in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U. S. Army War College, 2004. 20 p.
The embedded media program proved to be a 'win-win' situation for both the military and the media (print, radio, and television news/journalism) during Operation Iraqi Freedom. While both parties to this arrangement have since moved on to others issues, the need to capture what worked and what needs to be improved for a future public affairs policy exists. This article discusses the decision to embrace the EMP, examines the aspects of the program, and proposes some ideas for the future.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA423756
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 S783L

Stinnette, Murrell F. The Military and the Media in Combat: Winning the Hearts and Minds of the American Public. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U S Army War College, 2000
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA376343
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-537 S859m

Thompson, Mark. Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina. Revised and Expanded. Luton, Bedfordshire, UK, University of Luton Press, 1999. 388 p.
Book call no.: 302.2309497 T474f

United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Public Affairs. Washington, D.C., Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2005 (Joint publication; 3-61)
"This publication supersedes JP 3-16, 14 May 1977, Doctrine for Public Affairs in Joint Operations".
Also available online at: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_61.pdf
Doc. call no.: M-U 40592 no.3-61 (2005 May 9)

Westover, David S. Interpreting the Embedded Media Experience: A Qualitative Study of Military-Media Relations During the War in Iraq. Gainesville, FL, University of Florida, 2004.  83 p.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425831
Doc. call no.: M-U 43567-1001

[Return to Top]

Alter, Jonathan. In Bed With The Pentagon. Newsweek 141:45 March 10, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9205442&db=aph

Balfour, Frederik. A Journalist Among Soldiers. Business Week p. 54-55 March 24, 2003.
Reports on the experiences of Frederik Balfour, a journalist who has been integrated with the United States military.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9297577&db=aph

Bamberger, Fred E. and Grantham A. Kevin. Harold G. Martin: One of Aviation's Great Photographers. American Aviation Historical Society Journal 44:142-147 Summer 1999.

Bedway, Barbara. Reporters Part of Problem? Editor and Publisher 136:22-24 February 24, 2003.
The Pentagons guidelines for "embedded" reporters is less restrictive than a press pool but prohibits journalists from having their own vehicles.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9221523&db=aph

Belknap, Margaret H. The CNN Effect: Strategic Enabler or Operational Risk? Parameters 32:100-114 Autumn 2002.
Also available online at: http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/02autumn/belknap.pdf

Benaim, Daniel, Motaparthy, Priyanka, and Kumar, Vishesh. TV's Conflicted Experts Nation 276:6 April 21, 2003.
Discusses conflicts of interest involving high-profile military analysts for United States television news organizations.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9475022&db=aph

Bohannon, Jim. Reporting it Wrong in Vietnam: Media Distortions Helped Enemy. American Legion 155:20-23 September 2003.

Braman, Ed. To What End? War Reporting in the Television Age. RUSI Journal 148:26 December 2003.
Braman comments on the war reporting in the television age that has grown in sophistication. He stresses that there is arguably no better way of ensuring war reporting projects a particular and - by some - desired meaning than to ensure its authors become part of the story rather than mere detached story tellers.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=522288601&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Breen, Tom. Bad News: Should Media Manipulation Be a Tool of War? Armed Forces Journal 142 :24-26+ February 2005.
Now, in this era of myriad new threats to U.S. national security, the public affairs role has become a symbolic element in a heated theoretical and doctrinal debate within the U.S. Defense Department, and elsewhere, over how best to manage information operations (IO) in the ongoing war on terrorism. This is due in no small measure to the fact that Islamic terrorists seem to be winning increasing numbers of "hearts and minds" in their countries through media reports, according to AFJ interviews with numerous military and civilian officials and journalists.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:AFJB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=108A78BC5EB8AA73&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Brozak, Stephen G. The Marine Corps, the Media, and the 21st Century. Marine Corps Gazette 86:44-45 January 2002.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000099648958&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Byron, John. A Public Relations Disaster. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 127:2 April 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9078082&db=aph

Campbell, Alastair. Communications Lessons for NATO, the Military and Media. RUSI Journal 144:31-35 August 1999.
Campbell, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair's Press Secretary, suggests some improvements in communications and media relations drawn from the lessons of NATO's war in Kosovo.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=44035862&sid=20&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Campen, Alan D. Information Operations Seeks Blend of Missives and Missiles. Signal 56:33-35 June 2002.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000125087601&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Carr, Donald N. Tell Soldiers First--They Are Our Credentials. Military Review 79:78-82 September-October 1999.

Chenelly, Joseph R. Blogs of War. Army Times 65:14-16 March 14, 2005.
Stresses the increasing popularity gained by U.S. military Web logs. Factor that influences military bloggers to start a blog; Features of blogs; Reason for considering blogs as rebellion against mainstream media; Benefits obtained by the soldier bloggers from blogging; Policy of the U.S. government regarding military blogs; Consequences of blogging.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:ARMB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10901AB2CA3571D0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Clarke, Victoria. Striking a Balance: Government's Needs Versus Those of the Media. Columbia Journalism Review 41:72-73 September-October 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7333179&db=aph

Connolly, David. Media on the Battlefield. Infantry 93:31-36 May-June 2004.
Shares some experiences of the U.S. military troops with the media during Operation Enduring Freedom and the early stages of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. Consideration of media as a component of nonlethal fires or non-kinetic targeting; Preparation of soldiers for interviews; Information on embeds, or reporters who were embedded by the Coalition Forces Land Component Command.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=14251359

Crawley, Vince. DoD Plans to Broaden Reach of Its Must-See TV. Air Force Times 64 :24 May 10, 2004.
The Pentagon wants its own television channel to air in every U.S. home and also is offering free online computer access to Stars and Stripes, the daily newspaper for troops and families overseas. The idea is to make Defense Department information easily available to the more than 1 million reservists and their families scattered around the country, often far from military installations.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:AFTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=102BF6BDA8BF4E45&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Crawley, Vince. PAOs Were Too Busy With Embeds to Handle Local Media, Report Says. Air Force Times 64:23 April 19, 2004.
The widely praised "embedding" of journalists with combat units in last year's combat operations in Iraq created problems with other aspects of the military's mission, according to a draft Pentagon report.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:AFTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10239DDA09A5BD54&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Crawley, Vince. Secretary on Defense Over 'Influence' Office. Air Force Times 62:28 March 4, 2002.
The New York Times raised the specter of official lies in a Feb. 19 story about a newly created Pentagon outfit with an Orwellian name: the Office of Strategic Influence. Reportedly, some of the strategic influences being discussed included planting fake stories in foreign media. However, sources quoted by The Times were careful to point out that no such covert operations had been approved by Rumsfeld or his staff.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:AFTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=101AD3C443387B9E&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Cushman, John H. Military Commentators: Iraq War Keeps Generals Busy, Even the Ones Who Have Retired. New York Times Section B, p. 15 March 25, 2003.
Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Daily, Michael N. Col. Media Analysis in the Expeditionary Environment. Marine Corps Gazette 88 :54+ September 2004.
Operation Iraqi Freedom has changed the future of the public affairs role in military operations where PA personnel now must deal with instantaneous media reporting and its direct effects on the battle rhythm, as higher headquarters regularly demand that unit PA officers anticipate breaking news with their press advisories. Daily discusses the need for media analysis, which can be thought of as the process that converts raw news data into an understandable picture of the media environment for the military commander. Media analysis can be considered analogous to media intelligence, where intelligence support is one of the functional responsibilities of the Service Component.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=699896461&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Davis, Andrew B. Marine Corps and Navy Prepare Journalists For War. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 129:76-77 February 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9102575&db=aph

Eyal, Jonathan. The Media and the Military: Continuing the Dialogue After Kosovo. RUSI Journal 145:37 April 2000.
The insertion of troops into Kosovo was ultimately unopposed and came after a deal negotiated by Allied commanders with the Yugoslav military and sanctioned by the UN Security Council. A look at the role of the media during the conflict, and the relationship between the media and the military, is presented.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=54461112&sid=15&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Fisher, Matthew. Embedded With The Allies. World Press Review 50:11-12 May 2003.
Focuses on the classification of reporters covering the war in Iraq. Attempt of the US military to solve the problem by allowing access to journalists covering a war without threatening military operations; Number of journalists issued with US military photo badges to identify them as embedded; Conditions on accredited journalists labeled as unilateral.

Foer, Franklin. Air War: How Saddam Manipulates the U.S. Media. New Republic 227:20-23 October 28, 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7568992&db=aph

Freytag, Konrad. SHAPE Public Information Office: How to Deal with Public Opinion. NATO's Nations and Partners for Peace Issue 1:116-117 2001.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000076056567&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Galloucis, Michael S. Military-Media Relations: One Officer's Perspective. Military Review 79:77-78 September-October 1999.

Greeley, Brendan. Open the Gates. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 128:52-60 June 2002.
Argues for granting the media unfettered access to service academies to get their message out to society.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7016526&db=mth

Harbauah, Kenneth. Transforming the Civil Military Divide. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 130:46-47 May 2004.
In the U.S., the media functions as a bridge between our martial culture and the civilian culture outside.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13188624&db=aph

Hershey, Andrew H. Embedded Reports: An Early View. Marine Corps Gazette 87:44 June 2003.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000351602151&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Hickey, Neil. Access Denied: The Pentagon's War Reporting Rules Are the Toughest Ever. Columbia Journalism Review 40:26-31 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=103206708&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Holm, Jason D. Get Over It! Repairing the Military's Adversarial Relationship With the Press. Military Review 82:59-65 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6290713&db=aph

Ilan Pappe. Donning the Uniform: The Military and the Media in Israel. Middle East Report 223:46-51 Summer 2002.

Kaplan, Robert D. The Media and the Military. Atlantic Monthly 294:38-39 November 2004.
This article presents a critical note on professional and political pressures on journalists covering armed force movements during wars. Ever since the American-led invasion of Iraq last year, when hundreds of journalists were embedded with military units, people in media circles have been debating whether journalists lose their professional detachment under such circumstances and begin to identify too closely with the troops they are covering. A journalist recently in Iraq told that whenever he returns from a stint with the military, he gets a string of queries from journalism professors, wanting to know if embedded journalists have become, in effect, "whores" of the armed forces. They feel pressurized by military personnel to write in their favor which is supposed to be a curse on ethical aspects of their profession.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=14619625

Kirtley, Jane. The Ambiguities of War. American Journalism Review 25:70 May 2003.
Reactions from the U.S. defense officials over media coverage of prisoners of war; Reason why the Geneva Convention does not apply to media coverage of captured Al Qaeda and Taliban supporters; Ruling of a federal court on the case of captured Taliban supporters detained at the U.S. base in Guantanamo, Cuba; Provision of the Geneva Convention on non-combatants accompanying the armed forces.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9734272&db=aph

Lacey, James. Who's Responsible for Losing the Media War in Iraq? U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 130 :37-41 October 2004.
The military laments that its successes in Iraq and Afghanistan have gone unnoticed, while any bad news is immediately set on by a national media intent on painting every U.S. commitment as a quagmire. This might be true, but the military is not without responsibility for this state of affairs.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=14675608

Larson, Craig W. Marines and the Media. Marine Corps Gazette 85:87 September 2001.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000080212180&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Lovejoy, James Kevin. Improving Media Relations. Military Review 82:49-58 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6290709&db=aph

McLane, Brendan R. Reporting From the Sandstorm: An Appraisal of Embedding. Parameters 34:77-88 Spring 2004.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000586565561&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Mcsweeney, Dan. Clowns to the Left of Me... U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 129:46-48 November 2003.
A Marine Corps public affairs officer and his media embeds ride the "clown cart" to help tell the story of the war in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11390387&db=aph

Michel, Christopher. Let Slip the Blogs of War. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 131:112 March 2005.
Also available online at:  http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=808337981&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Although blogs are not specifically banned by military commanders, military personnel are cautioned against releasing any information that could compromise national or operational security. "The bottom line is that the troops are citizens, too, and enjoy the same rights as other Americans, albeit with proper attention paid to the constraints associated with official service," said Pentagon spokesman Army lieutenant Colonel Barry Venable.

Military Isn't Required to Include Media. Quill April 2004.
A federal appeals court ruled Feb. 2 that the Pentagon does not have a constitutional obligation to provide the media access to U.S. troops during combat.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=12792741&db=ufh

Miracle, Tammy L. The Army and Embedded Media. Military Review 83:41-45 September-October 2003.
Reports on the media access given to U.S. military operations. Number of articles released regarding the operations of the army and the marines; Complaints of U.S. journalists regarding their denied access to U.S. troops; Discussion on the media coverage of the Operation Desert Storm.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11735494&db=aph

Muirhead, Oona. My Job: At the Sharp End of the Media Operation. RUSI Journal 144:37-43 August 1999.
Oona Muirhead, the Director of Information Strategy and News for the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD), discusses her job in an interview.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=44035877&sid=17&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Myers, Gene. Public Perceptions of the Air War Over Serbia. Aerospace Power Journal 14:85-88 Spring 2000.
Scroll down the screen. This article is in the Vortices section of the journal.
Also available online at: http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/spr00/vorspr00.htm

Naylor, Sean D. Why the Service Can't Get Its Message Across. Army Times 62:15-16 July 8, 2002.
The fact is that the media have not always covered the Army as accurately or conscientiously as they might have." Rather than prompting the Army to try harder to "promote better understanding," the reaction of many in uniform "has been defensive, a very understandable desire to keep the media screened and distant," he writes. "Unfortunately such a tactic rarely works.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:ARMB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=101AD1E0F5ED0A87&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Neill, Alex. Calm in the Storm. Army Times 63:18-19 May 5, 2003.
Reports on the manner in which Brigadier General Vincent Brooks handled journalists and reporters in their quests for information on the war in Iraq.
Also available online at: http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AFNB:ARMB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=101AD1C8EB06286C&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0F56A02D68496F45

Nichols, Christopher. The Blog Alternative. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 130 :74-75 November 2004.
This article presents information on blogs that offers unfiltered coverage of what is going on in Iraq. The advent of web logs is causing great concern in the mainstream media. Blogs are building a following that grows by leaps and bounds every day. Most of the initiated see them as ground truth, used to fact check the mainstream press. Some blogs even are devoted to exposing the fears and falsehoods perpetuated in print and on television. The blog prepared by Glenn Reynolds, a law professor at the University of Tennessee, takes the reader through the gamut of blogs, military and civilian, liberal and conservative, U.S. and foreign. Several blogs offer high-level views of Iraq. Belmontclub.blogspot.com. is one, search its archives about the time of the Sadr uprising and read on. It is a remarkable account of Marine sophistication in 21st-century warfare.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=15035529

Nors, Jeffrey P. Encountering Media on the Battlefield: Will You Be Prepared? Armor 111:19+ January-February 2002.
Also available online at:  http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=101595324&sid=3&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Pappe, Ilan. Donning the Uniform: The Military and the Media in Israel. Middle East Report 223:46-51 Summer 2002.

Payne, Kenneth. The Media as an Instrument of War. Parameters 35 :81-93 Spring 2005.
Presents an analysis of the ability of the media to influence conflict in the modern era. Exploration of the media's legal status on the battlefield and efforts to control their access and products; Examination of the inherent tension between the goals of an impartial and balanced media and the military objectives of the combatants; Issues that provide perspective on the emerging role of the media in time of conflict.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=16345945

Peck, Fred. Live From Iraq: "Embedded" Journalists Launch a New Era in War Reporting. American Legion 155:18-22 August 2003.

Picture This. National Review 56:10 June 14, 2004.
Offers the author's reaction to the Abu Ghraib prison abuse photographs. Why the author is more angry that the photos were taken and released than over the acts which took place; Harm which came from publication of the photos; Criticism of the U.S. media as well as the military.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13266762&db=aph

Plenzler, Joseph M. Conducting Expeditionary Public Affairs. Marine Corps Gazette 88:26-29 February 2004.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=000000547458551&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Porch, Douglas. "No Bad Stories": The American Media-Military Relationship. Naval War College Review 55:85-107 Winter 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6702145&db=aph

Pritchard, Robert S. Military Operations, the Media, and the Public's Right To Know. USA Today 130:16-18 March 2002.
Reviews the principles adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in releasing information on their military operations.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6334645&db=f5h

Rand, Ronald. Engaging the Media: Telling the Air Force Story. TIG Brief 51:16-17 September-October 1999.
To gain public support, the Air Force must engage the media and communicate their story. In general, when one involved with the Air Force is interviewed, one should use discretion when speaking.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=44346764&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Ricchiardi, Sherry. Close To the Action. American Journalism Review 24:28-35 May 2003.
Discusses the access given to embedded journalists to broadcast on television the actual fighting in Iraq. Policy of the U.S. military on media access to war; Overview of stories of war in the front lines; Problems encountered by the journalists from the military; Ethical consequences of embedding journalists.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9734256&db=aph

Rich, Frank. Saving Private England. New York Times 153:Section 2, p. 1 May 16, 2004.
Focuses on press coverage of Jessica Lynch and Lynndie England, two working-class women from West Virginia who went off to war in Iraq. Full text electronic article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.

Ridge, George. Embedded: The Media at War in Iraq. Military Review 84:74-75 January-February 2004.
Focuses on the reemergence of the use of embedded war correspondents during the 2003 Iraqi War. Description of the term embedded media; Advantages and disadvantages of embedded media; Reason that the U.S. Department of Defense decided to use embedded media during the 2003 Iraqi War.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12455467

Sambrook, Richard. Military and the Media. RUSI Journal 148:40 August 2003.
The mass of information available will probably mean that most people most of the time will reply on the main news media for their window on the world. The military and the media will remain, as a consequence, mutually dependent in war coverage---the media for access and information, the military for communication with global opinion. Here, Sambrook discusses several issues based on his address to the Royal United Services Institute on Jun 20, 2003, highlighting several issues about the military and the media.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=508676941&sid=3&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Sayers, Douglas M. An Honest PAO: Telling the Truth Without Throwing a FID. Marine Corps Gazette 85:88-89 September 2001.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000080212181&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Scarborough, Rowan. The Continuing Military-Media Conflict. World & I 11:84-89 September 1996.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9608302274&db=f5h

Schanberg, Sydney. Enlistment Papers. Editor and Publisher 136:34 February 24, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9221528&db=aph

Seamon, Richard. Military Not Complaining About the Coverage. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 129:56 May 2003.
A variety of cable network shows on their schedules, manage to cover the U.S. led invasion of Iraq in limited time slots with reporters determined to get the story straight. Much of the time when camera coverage is available, the activities of dim figures moving through the eerie green landscape of night-vision equipment requires explanation from men and women who know what is going on. Although there have been some problems but embedding seems to be working well.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=9750336

Seamon, Richard. Pentagon Versus the Media: Still at War? U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 127:52 December 2001.
Focuses on the censorship and overclassification of information under the control of media in the United States. Ignorance of information on military matters; Significance of the classified material to the journalist; Duration of the tension between the government and the press.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5793216&db=aph

Siegel, Pascale C. Don't Blame the Media for Mismanaged Perceptions. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 130:30 June 2004.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13353402&db=aph

Smolkin, Raqchel. Photos of the Fallen. American Journalism Review 26:14-15 June-July 2004.
Somber images of flag-draped caskets arriving home from Iraq had been virtually absent from newspapers and television broadcast until two related events coincided in April, giving the public a rare glimpse of these powerful photos and igniting a debate over how the Pentagon has banned them.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13292732&db=ufh

Starnes, Glenn T. Leveraging the Media. Marine Corps Gazette 89:51-53 February 2005.
Examines the embedded media program between the military and the media during the Operation Iraqi Freedom. Factors and reasons behind the decision of the U.S. government to allow embedded journalist in the battlefield; Information operations of the military; Significance of the media coverage of the war to the operations of the military.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=793109421&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Stonesifer, Ruth Vocal. What's Really Behind The Fight Over Dover? Newsweek 143:13 January 12, 2004.
Presents a comment piece by the mother of U.S. Army Ranger Kristofor Stonesifer, who was killed in a helicopter crash in Pakistan two years ago, about demands by the media that they be allowed to film the arrival of coffins of fallen soldiers from Iraq.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=11840356&db=aph

Strupp, Joe and Berman, Ari. Journalists Set to Bunk Down With Armed Forces. Editor and Publisher 136:6-7 February 17, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9177148&db=aph

Thompson, Mark. The Brief, Ineffective Life of the Pentagon's Media Pool. Columbia Journalism Review 40:66 March-April 2002.
Focuses on the ceased operation of the National Media Pool under the U.S. Department of Defense in 2001. Function of the National Media Pool; Background of the establishment of the media pool in 1987; Historic assignments that were ideal for the National Media Pool.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=110374774&sid=4&Fmt=4&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

U.S. - Media: Military Women Deserve Better Coverage. Global Information Network1 May 27, 2004.
We seem to hear most about military women when they are in some kind of quandary: rebuffing unwanted advances and accusing superiors of sexual misconduct (Navy Lieutenant Paula Coughlin with Tailhook and Army Sergeant Major Brenda Hoster), engaging in illicit sex (Air Force pilot Kelly Flinn), charging rape at the Air Force Academy and in the field in Iraq, or being torn between family and duty (numerous women profiled by the media during the first Gulf War, and to a lesser extent, this one). University of Maryland journalism professor Christopher Hanson wrote his doctoral dissertation on news coverage of military women. Contrasted with articles about Coughlin, Hoster and Flinn, "success stories and trend pieces outlining gradual improvement [in opportunities for military women] simply cannot compete," he wrote.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=643372371&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Venable, Barry E. The Army and the Media. Military Review 82:66-71 January-February 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=6290716

Walley, Cherilyn A. SOF and the Media During Operation Iraqi Freedom. Veritas 32-35 Winter 2005.

Wilcox Jr., William A. Security Reviews of Media Reports on Military Operations: A Response to Professor Lee. Army Lawyer issue 378:10-17 November 2004.
Comments on the argument of professor William E. Lee regarding the security reviews of media reports practiced during the Persian Gulf War and Operation Enduring Freedom. Inconsistency of the media coverage with First Amendment freedoms; Assertion that the military may limit media access to the battlefield; Need for the establishment of ground rules for reporting information about military operations.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=15839075

Willey, Barry E. The Military-Media Connection: For Better or For Worse. Military Review 78:14-20 December 1998-February 1999.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=1917102&db=aph

Williams, R. M. The Truth, The Whole Truth, Or Nothing: A Media Strategy For the Military In the Information Age. Canadian Military Journal 3:11-20 Autumn 2002.
There is a great deal of difference between not releasing information and telling the truth. We're telling the truth, we are just not releasing some information. (General Maurice Baril)
Also available online at: http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/engraph/Vol3/no3/pdf/11-20_e.pdf

Wood, David. Lights! Camera! Action! How Hollywood Is Making Combat Training Come Alive.  Army Times 60:14-15 August 2, 1999.

Zimmerman, Stan. The Battle of the Lasting Impression. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 123:44-47 May 1997.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=000000012262456&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Zoroya, Gregg. Return of U.S. War Dead Kept a Solemn Secret. USA Today News section, p. 4a: December 31, 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=J0E033978449204&db=aph

[Return to Top]

Internet Resources

Gabriel Weimann. www.terror.net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet. Washington, U. S. Institute of Peace, March 2004. (Special Report 116).
Available online at: http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr116.html
Terrorists fight their wars in cyberspace as well as on the ground. However, while politicians and the media have hotly debated the dangers that cyberterrorism poses to the Internet, surprisingly little is known about the threat posed by terrorists' use of the Internet. Today, as this report makes plain, terrorist organizations and their supporters maintain hundreds of websites, exploiting the unregulated, anonymous, and easily accessible nature of the Internet to target an array of messages to a variety of audiences. Gabriel Weimann identifies no fewer than eight different ways in which terrorists are using the Internet to advance their cause, ranging from psychological warfare to recruitment, networking to fundraising. In each case, the report not only analyzes how the Internet can facilitate terrorist operations but also illustrates the point with examples culled from an extensive exploration of the World Wide Web.

Gallagher, Paul. Strategic Communications for the War on Terrorism, Countering Middle Eastern Anti-American Bias. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U. S. Army War College, 2005. 18 p.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ada432507

Gilboa, Eytan. The Global News Networks and U.S. Policymaking in Defense and Foreign Affairs. Cambridge, MA, Joan Shorestein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002. 33 p. (Working paper series no. 2002-6).
Available online at: http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/presspol/Research_Publications/Papers/Working_Papers/2002_6.pdf

Glass, Andrew J. The War On Terrorism Goes Online: Media and Government Response to First Post-Internet Crisis. Cambridge, MA, Joan Shorestein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002. 28 p. (Working paper series no. 2002-3).
Available online at: http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/presspol/Research_Publications/Papers/Working_Papers/2002_3.pdf

Storin, Matthew V. While America Slept: Coverage of Terrorism from 1993 to September 11, 2001. Cambridge, MA, Joan Shorestein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy. Harvard University. John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002. 43 p. (Working paper series no. 2002-7).
Available online at: http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/presspol/Research_Publications/Papers/Working_Papers/2002_7.pdf

Terrorism Questions and Answers: Terrorism and the Media. Council on Foreign Relations, 2004.
Available online at: http://cfrterrorism.org/terrorism/media.html
Founded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan center for scholars dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas so that individual and corporate members, as well as policymakers, journalists, students, and interested citizens in the United States and other countries, can better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments.

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. HomeFront Confidential: How the War on Terrorism Affects Access To Information and the Public's Right To Know, fifth edition. September 2004. (RCFP white paper).
Available online at: http://www.rcfp.org/homefrontconfidential/
Sections: Covering the War; Military Tribunals; Access to Terrorism and Immigration Proceedings; Domestic Coverage; The Reporters Priviledge; USA Patriot Act; Freedom of Information; The Rollback in State Openess.

Books

Alali, A. Odasuo and Byrd, Gary W. Terrorism and the New Media: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography. Jefferson, NC, McFarland, 1994. 213 p.
Book call no.: 016.303625 A317t

Clymer, Jeffory A. America's Culture of Terrorism: Violence, Capitalism and the Written Word. Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North Carolina Press, 2003. 277 p. (Cultural studies of the United States)
Although the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 shocked the world, America has confronted terrorism at home for well over a century. The author demonstrates that the rise of mass media and the pressures of the industrial wage-labor economy both fueled the development of terrorism and shaped society's response to it. His analysis not only sheds new light on American literature and culture a century ago but also offers insights into the contemporary understanding of terrorism.
Book call no.: 363.320973 C649a

Dadge, David. Casualty of War: The Bush Administration's Assault on a Free Press. Amherst, NY, Prometheus Books, 2004. 349 p.
Chapter 1: Losing America's Voice; 2: Al-Jazeera: A Platform of Controversy; 3: Executives' Privilege; 4: "In Cipro We Trust"; 5: Dezinformatisiya and other Patriot Acts; 6: Trading Liberty for Security: The Coalition Against Terrorism; 7: Everyone Has His Own Bin Laden; 8: Responding to the War on Terrorism
Book call no.: 323.4450973 D121c

Dobkin, Bethami A. Tales of Terror: Television News and the Construction of the Terrorist Threat. New York, Praeger, 1992. 133 p.
Book call no.: 302.2345 D633t

Dor, Daniel. Intifada Hits the Headlines: How the Israeli Press Misreported the Outbreak of the Second Palestinian Uprising. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2004. 184 p.
Book call no.: 302.23095694 D693i

Essential Readings on Political Terrorism: Analysis of Problems and Prospects for the 21st Century, edited by Harvey W. Kushner. Lincoln, NE, Gordian Knot Books. Distributed by the University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 399 p.
See article by Nacos, Fan and Young: "Terrorism and the Print Media: The 1985 TWA Hostage Crisis" pp294-305. And the article by Damphouse and Smith "The Internet: A Terrorist Medium for the 21st Century" pp 227-243.
Book call no.: 303.625 K973

Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government, and the Public, edited by Pippa Norris, Montague Kern and Marion Just. New York, Routledge, 2003. 329 p.
Book call no.: 303.625 F813

Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York, Columbia University Press, 1998. 288 p.
See chapter 5, pp131-155, "Terrorism, the Media and Public Opinion."
Book call no.: 303.625 H699i

In the Camera's Eye: News Coverage of Terrorist Events, edited by Yonah Alexander and Robert Picard. Washington, Brassey's, 1991. 156 p.
Book call no.: 303.625 I35

Jenkins, Philip. Images of Terror: What We Can and Can't Know About Terrorism. New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 2003. 227 p. (Social problems and social issues)
See chapter 8. pp. 138-162: Terrorism and the Mass Media.
This book is also available in an electronic version  through the AU library subscription to NetLibrary Inc. database. Create your own password at AU library at the site below, then read the book from your home computer.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/netlib.htm
Book call no.: 303.625 J52i

A Just Response: The Nation on Terrorism, Democracy and September 11, 2001, edited by Katrina Vanden Heuvel and Jonathan Schell. New York, Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002. 345 p.
Selected articles from the "Progressive" magazine "The Nation" and other sources published since September 11. Chapters of interest: "Dispatches" starting on page 110 and "Press Watch" starting on page 186.
Book call no.: 973.931 J96

Martin, Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives and Issues. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2003.
See chapter "The Role of the Media", p. 279.
Book call no.: 303.625 M381u

The Media and the War on Terrorism, edited by Stephen Hess and Marvin Kalb. Washington, Brookings Institution Press, 2003. 307 p.
This collection presents transcripts of discussions among journalists and government officials regarding the media and the "War on Terror." The discussions were cosponsored by the Brookings Institution and Harvard U.'s Shorenstein Center on the Press and were moderated by veteran correspondent Kalb. The proceedings, naturally, tend to reflect the institutional biases of the corporate press and the national security establishment. Participants include Ted Koppel, Lawrence Eagleburger, Peter Arnett, Warren Rudman, William Kristol, John McWethy, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Victoria Clarke, and some 70 others.
Book call no.: 070.449303625 M489

Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion, edited by A. Odasuo Alali and Kenoye Kelvin Eke. Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, 1991. 148 p.
Book call no.: 303.625 M489

Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses from the Middle East and Asia, edited by Peter van der Veer and Shoma Munshi. London, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. 260 p. (Politics in Asia series)
The book analyzes responses to the events of 9/11, it's aftermath and repercussions from the point of view of Asian and Middle Eastern countries. By examining the use of media as an instrument of warfare and analyzing the construction of public opinion in mediated electronic ware, this book clearly show the difference in perspectives between public opinion in the US and the rest of the world.
Book call no.: 070.4 M4891

Nacos, Brigette L. Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002. 219 p.
Book call no.: 070.449303625 N125m

Paletz, David L. Terrorism and the Media. Newbury Park, CA, Sage, 1992. 250 p.
Book call no.: 303.625 T3289

Picard, Robert G. Media Portrayals of Terrorism: Functions and Meanings of News Coverage. Ames, Iowa, Iowa University press, 1993. 147 p.
Book call no.: 303.625 P586m

Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime, edited by Stuart Allan and Barbie Zelizer. London, Routledge, 2004. 374 p.
See chapter 4: "The PR of Terror: How New Style Wars Give Voice to Terrorists".
Book call no.: 070.4333 R425

Schaffert, Richard W. Media Coverage and Political Terrorists: A Quantitative Analysis. New York, Praeger, 1992. p
Book call no.: 303.625 S296m

Schechter, Danny. Media Wars: News at a Time of Terror. Boulder, CO, Rowman & Littlefield , 2003. 234 p.
Book call no.: 070.449973931 S314m

Sing, Ajit. World Terrorism Today: U. S. Reactions. Juipur, India, Book Enclave, 2002. 324 p.
See chapter 8: Relations Between the Media and Law Enforcement, pp 148-155 and chapter 15: Media Coverage of Terrorism, pp252-269.
Book call no.: 303.625 W927

Smucker, Philip. Al Qaeda's Great Escape: the Military and the Media on Terror's Trail. Washington, Brassey's, 2004. 229 p.
When President Bush announced in a televised speech the week after September 11 that he wanted Osama bin Laden "dead or alive," a grieving nation seeking justice and revenge roared in approval. Two years later, as al Qaeda's associates mounted almost weekly attacks against U.S. interests and bin Laden still roamed the earth as a free man, Americans wondered why. With both the military and the media declaring the war in Afghanistan over and a resounding success, Philip Smucker examines in Al Qaeda's Great Escape what kind of victory we can rightfully claim. Smucker charges that western media outlets, eager to satisfy their audience's thirst for revenge, began losing their grasp on journalistic objectivity while covering the military's pursuit of bin Laden. Blinding patriotism and an unhealthy reliance on the Pentagon's press releases led the media to portray events that did not reflect the reality on the ground in Afghanistan.
Book call no.: 958.1046 S666a

Terrorism and the Media: Dilemmas for Government, Journalists and the Public, edited by Yonah Alexander and Richard Latter. Washington, Brassey's, 1990. 147 p.
Book call no.: 302.23 T328

Terrorism: Defensive Strategies for Individuals, Companies and Governments, edited by Lawrence J. Hogan. Frederick, MD, Amlex, 2001. 446 p.
See chapter 11: Media/Public Information and Terrorism by Haven P. Simmons, pp. 187-196.
Book call no.: 303.625 T32815

Tuman, Joseph S. Communicating Terror: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2003. 157 p.
See chapter 6: Mass Mediated Images and Construction of Terrorism, p. 115-144.
Book call no.: 303.625 T925c

Weimann, Gabriel and Winn, Conrad. The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism. New York, Longman , 1994. 295 p.
Book call no.: 303.625 W422t

Documents
Some of the documents cited in this section are student papers written to fulfill PME school requirements.

Bell, James. How Islamic Extremist Groups Use Propaganda to Promote Terrorism. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 2004. 31 p.
In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, terrorism has become the primary threat to US national security. Islamic extremist groups like Hamas and Al Qaida are principal terrorist sponsors. Hamas and Al Qaida use numerous methods to further their causes and promote terrorism. At the core of their violent strategy is propaganda. Their methods of communicating their propaganda range from audio tapes, video tapes, faxes to news media and Internet postings. Their messages focus mainly on one of three areas - religion, lies and emotion.
Doc. call no.: M-U 43122 B4333h

Drugley, Gary P. The Media's Role in Combating Terrorism. Carlisle Barracks, PA, US Army War College Military Studies Program, 1991. 24 p.
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-83 d794M

Pasquarett, Michael. Perspectives on Embedded Media: Selected Papers From the U.s. Army War College. Carlisle Barracks, PA, U.S. Army War College Library, 2004. 106 p.
This article will analyze the use of information operations in the Global War on Terror and reflect briefly on the lessons from history in determining success in this latest campaign.
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA428223
Doc. call no.: M-U 39080-640

Perl, Raphael. Terrorism, the Media, and the Government: Perspectives, Trends, and Options for Policymakers. Washington, Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress, 1997
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/state/crs-terror-media.htm
Doc. call no.: M-U 42953-1 no. 97-960 F

Tasista, Michele M. Global Media and Public Affairs Communications in a New Era of Defense: The War Against Terrorism. Boulder, CO, University of Colorado, April 2002. 165 p.
Masters Thesis, School of Journalism and Mass Communication
Also available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403296
Doc. call no.: M-U 43567-963

Whisenhunt, Mary E. Answering Al-Qaeda: The Battle for Hearts and Minds in the Middle East. Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 2003. 58 p.
 In analyzing various models of terrorist systems, their members, and potential influences on those members prior to their turn toward radicalism, some clear opportunities to employ information in the war on terror emerge. U.S. State Department websites emphasize America’s religious tolerance but include few messages touting the rationale behind our policies. Radio Sawa, the State Department’s public diplomacy flagship in the Middle East and the successor to the Voice of America, focuses nearly exclusively on MTV-style programming and little on substantive reporting and analysis. We must re-introduce a message that answers the allegations from al-Qaeda and participate in radio or in televised debates, interviews and other mediums that allow moderate Muslims access to pro-U.S. political discourse. The modernizing forces in the Middle East—educated, moderate Muslims—are our natural allies in the war on terror. Our public diplomacy campaign needs to reestablish strategic aims and retake the hearts and minds field to gain their support.
Also available online at: https://research.au.af.mil/papers/ay2003/affellows/Whisenhunt.pdf

Periodicals

Atkins, Randy. The News Media Could Be Our Weakest Link. Washington Post Section B 03 January 26, 2003.
"At the National Academy of Engineering we have wrestled with the question of how to help the media better informed and more conscious of their importance in the event of a terrorist attack." Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library.

Becker, Elizabeth. A Nation Challenged: Hearts and Minds--A Special Report In the War on Terrorism, A Battle to Shape Opinion. New York Times Section 1A, p. 1 November 11, 2001.
Full text article available from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe database subscription in AU Library at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Beeman, William O. Berg Beheading Caps U.S. Failure in Iraq Media Wars. National Catholic Reporter 40:18 May 28, 2004.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=13215101&db=aph

Cloud, Stanley W. The Pentagon and the Press: Several 'Principles' of Coverage Became Victims of the War Against Terrorism. Nieman Reports pp 13-16 Winter 2001.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5930103&db=aph

Conway, Maura. What is Cyberterrorism? Current History 101:436-42 December 2002.
Explores definitions of terrorism and crime using computers and the Internet, terrorist groups' use of the Internet for propaganda, communications, and fundraising, and media misrepresentations of threat of cyberterrorism.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=256229741&sid=6&Fmt=3&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Daniel, Lisa. General Remarks (retired Air Guard Maj. Gen. Donald W. Shepperd helps explain the United States' war on terrorism). National Guard 56:24-25 May 2002.
Former Air Guard Director straddles the line between the Pentagon and the press to help explain America's war on terrorism.
Also available online at: http://www.ngaus.org/ngmagazine/generalremarks502.asp

Dettmer, Jamie. Supplying Terrorists the 'Oxygen of Publicity'. Insight On the News 18:47 July 15, 2002.
Discusses the relationship between mass media publicity and the war on terrorism led by the U.S. Ways to defeat insurgency or terrorist groups; Impact of the mass media coverage of terrorism on the public.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9452537&db=aph

Eedle, Paul. Al-Qaeda Takes Fight for 'Hearts and Minds' to the Web. Jane's Intelligence Review 14:24-26 August 2002.

Emery, James. The Muslim World's Take on Terrorism. The World & I 17:68-73 January 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7037174&db=f5h

Felling, Matthew. Terrorists' Visual Warfare Uses the Media as Weapon. Christian Science Monitor 96:9 August 4, 2004.
Troubling questions abound: Does terrorism exist without the media? Does coverage of terrorist acts empower or encourage the people behind them? If terrorism is directed more at the audience than at its victims, shouldn't television journalists stop giving terrorists the forum they covet? Can they? Now that attacks on American soil have begotten attacks on Americans abroad, these questions need to be answered in America's newsrooms.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=14004457

Grading the Media on Terrorism Coverage. USA Today Magazine 130:6 January 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5825988&db=f5h

Grinyaev, Sergey. The Mass Media and Terrorism: A Russian View. European Security 12:85-88 Summer 2003.
Explains the association between mass media and terrorism in the twentieth century. Role of material resources and means of production in industrial development; Significance of information to the standard of living of the human society; Impact of information technology on the structure of modern society; Use of information technology for contemporary terrorism.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=14250932

Kulman, Linda. Covering All Bases. Role of Press in Afghanistan Anti Terrorists Operations. U.S. News & World Report 131:44-45 November 19, 2001.
Discusses wartime journalism, in light of the media coverage of the war of the United States against terrorism. Claims of the Taliban that the U.S. is responsible for civilian deaths in Afghanistan; Efforts of journalists to balance the right of the people to know details of the war with the privacy of those covered by the media; Support of the U.S. government by the media.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5494110&db=aph

Morrison, David C. News Media Draw Battle Plans to Cover the Home Front. CQ Weekly 61:1491 June 14, 2003.
Describes the plans of news organization in the U.S. to cover the homeland as a potential war zone, after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Effects of the terrorist attacks on the operation of several news media in the country; Information on the training of reporters and correspondents in war and terrorism news coverage.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10098227&db=aph

Nacos, Brigitte L. Accomplice or Witness? The Media's Role in Terrorism. Current History 99:174-178 April 2000.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=52239143&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Nacos, Brigitte L. Terrorism as Breaking News: Attack on America. Political Science Quarterly 118:23-52 Spring 2003.
Focuses on role of media in terrorist attacks and political violence suffered by citizens of the U.S. Examines how the architects of the horrific events of September 11, 2001 succeeded in achieving their media goals; Success of the coverage of assassination of President John F. Kennedy; Publicity of terrorism via mass media.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=52239143&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Powers, William. The Best-Kept Secrets. National Journal 34:1802 June 15, 2002.
Examines the ability of the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush to prevent media coverage of the war on terrorism as of June 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6901623&db=aph

Rieder, Rem. The Terror Threat. American Journalism Review 25:6 April 2003.
Deals with the significance of context and precision to the news coverage of terrorism by U.S. journalists. Criticisms on federal officials with regard to journalistic confusion; Factors which contribute to journalistic confusion.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9452237&db=aph

Robertson, Lori. High Anxiety. American Journalism Review 25:18-25 April 2003.
Deals with the role of the media in the panic buying of duct tapes and plastic sheeting in the U.S. due to government terrorism warnings in February 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9452537&db=aph

Schbley, Ayla. Religious Terrorism, the Media, and International Islamization Terrorism: Justifying the Unjustifiable. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism vol. 27 no. 3:207-234 May 2004.
This study examines the relationship between the Hizbullah and Islamic Brotherhood organizations, the media, and the hypothesized outcomes of their symbiotic relationship, International Islamization Terrorism. It revisits the effects of the media on the propensity of Muslim zealots for conflict and terrorism by sampling 2,619 individuals in 8 European Union countries, and empowers the field with some foundations for Islamist violence.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12831211

Shpiro, Shlomo. Conflict Media Strategies and the Politics of Counter-Terrorism. Politics 22:76-85 May 2002.
This article argues that the events of September 11, and the subsequent 'war on terror' have highlighted the role of the media in both the coverage and conduct of modern conflict.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6556250&db=aph

Smolkin, Rachael. Thinking About the (no longer) Unthinkable. American Journalism Review 25:52-56 May 2003.
Smolkin discusses on how journalists respond and cover terrorist attacks.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9734264&db=f5h

Smolkin, Raqchel. Girding For Terror. American Journalism Review 25:26-31 April 2003.
Deals with the establishment of contingency plans by U.S. news organizations to keep operating during terrorist attacks and to protect journalists who had to cover it as of April 2003. Preparations taken in case of terrorist attacks; Equipment installed in the news vehicles of WNBC-TV; Provision of training to CNN personnel.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9452551&db=f5h

Steinberg, Jacques. Kidnappings Beheadings And Defining What's News. New York Times August 1, 2004.
Focuses on the usage of mass media platforms by hostage takers and terrorists in Iraq. Background on kidnappings and beheadings of soldiers and civilians; Implications of broadcasting footages of hostage takings and beheadings; Responsibilities of the press who are taking images of kidnappings and hijackings.
An electronic version of this article can be found by using the AUL subscription database Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe at the site below.
Also available online at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/firstsearch/au.htm

Thomas, Timothy L. Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of "Cyberplanning". Parameters 33:112-123 Spring 2003.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9326396&db=mth

Thompson, Mark and Price, Monroe E. Intervention, Media and Human Rights. Survival 45:183-202 Spring 2003.
While conflict and propaganda have twinned each other throughout history, international peacemaking and peacekeeping interventions are a recent phenomenon. These operations have had to develop a capacity for tackling the problem of media manipulation in societies racked by, or recovering from, massive conflict. These efforts have been conducted for the most part in the dark. There was little organisational awareness of how to react either to the incendiary uses of media in Rwanda before and during the 1994 genocide, or to the systematic manipulation of public opinion in Bosnia after Dayton. International peace operations have often seemed at a loss when facing hostile propaganda emitted by host governments after 'consenting' to deployments on their soil.
Also available online at: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=490007021&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=417&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Timmerman, Kenneth R. Live From Qatar: It's Jihad Television. Insight on the News 18:20-21 March 4, 2002.
Also available online at: http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm/include/detail/storyid/179940.html

Tsfati, Yariv and Weimann, Gabriel. www.terrorism.com: Terror on the Internet. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 25:317-332 September 2002.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7288054&db=f5h

Waller, J. Michael. War and the Role of the Mass Media. Insight on the News 17:15-17+ November 26, 2001.
Discusses the role of the mass media in the war on terrorism of the United States.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7191615&db=f5h

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