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ListPUBLIC DIPLOMACY
September 2003
Compiled by Bibliography Branch
Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center
Maxwell AFB, AL
Contents
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Freedom Promotion Act of 2002: Legislative
Summary. Washington, House International Relations Committee, 2002. 4
p. Hyde, Henry J. Speaking to Our Silent Allies: Public Diplomacy and U.S.
Foreign Policy. U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda 7:23-27 December
2002. Independent Task Force on America's Response to Terrorism. Improving
the U.S. Public Diplomacy Campaign in the War Against Terrorism.
Richard C. Holbrooke, Carla A. Hills, co-chairs. New York, Council on Foreign
Relations, 2001. 11 p. Independent Task Force on Public Diplomacy. Finding America's Voice:
A Strategy for Reinvigorating U.S. Public Diplomacy. New York, Council
on Foreign Relations, 2003. 93 p. Independent Task Force on Public Diplomacy. Public Diplomacy: A
Strategy for Reform. New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 2002.
Public Diplomacy. New York, Council on Foreign Relations,
2003. 4 p. (Terrorism: Q & A). Public Diplomacy Web Site. Washington, United States
Information Agency Alumni Association, August 30, 2003. Ross, Christopher. Pillars of Public Diplomacy; Grappling with
International Public Opinion. Harvard International Review
25:22-27 Summer 2003. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations.
Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related
Agencies Appropriations for 2003. Part 7, Secretary of State.
Hearings before a subcommittee, 107th Cong, 2nd sess, Mar. 6-Apr 24, 2002.
Washington, GPO, 2002. 531 p. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee
on National Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations. Are
We Listening to the Arab Street? Hearing, 107th Cong, 2nd sess,
Oct. 8, 2002. Washington, GPO, 2003. 1 vol. (Serial no.
107-235). United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations.
The Message Is America: Rethinking U.S. Public Diplomacy.
Hearing, 107th Cong, 1st sess, November 14, 2001. Washington, GPO, 2001. 60 p.
(Serial no.107-54). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations.
America's Global Dialog: Sharing American Values and the Way Ahead for
Public Diplomacy. Hearing, 107th Cong, 2nd sess, June 11, 2002.
Washington, GPO, 2002. 76 p. (S. hrg. 107-692). United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations.
American Public Diplomacy and Islam. Hearing, 108th Cong, 1st
sess, Feb. 27, 2003. Washington, GPO, 2003. Weiser, Carl. Report Lists 'Public Diplomacy' Failures. USA
Today, p 13A, September 15, 2003.
Available online at: http://wwwa.house.gov/international_relations/107/freedom.htm
Introduced
by U.S. Rep. Henry J. Hyde, Chairman, House International Relations Committee,
the legislation gives shape to the direction and manner in which public
diplomacy is carried out by defining the statutory authorization and by defining
the role of the Secretary of State in public diplomacy more specifically in
terms of standards, technologies, and target audiences. For bill summary and
status, go to: http://thomas.loc.gov/bss/d107query.html and enter H.R. 3969.
Available online at: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/1202/ijpe/pj7-4hyde.htm
and at: http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/fpa/fpa_dec02_hyde.pdf
"Public
diplomacy--the collective name given to efforts by the U.S. government to
explain its foreign policy to the world and encourage greater familiarity with
the United States by the populations of other countries--embraces international
broadcasting, exchange programs, and a range of public information services,
along with many other programs and functions by a surprisingly large number of
agencies. But in addition to this essentially passive approach, there is an
additional capacity and a larger purpose which have never been fully recognized,
namely the use of public diplomacy to speak directly to the peoples of the world
and enlist them in our long-term efforts to promote freedom, prosperity, and
stability throughout the world. If we are to achieve this ambitious goal, we
must begin by reversing the long neglect that has consigned public diplomacy to
the periphery of our foreign policy decision-making. Our initial focus must be
on stripping away the encumbrance of misunderstanding and disinformation that
has been allowed to distort the image of the United States abroad, distortions
that now seriously threaten our influence and security. Only then can we begin
to lay the foundation for a deep and lasting connection with the peoples of the
world that is complementary to, but separate from, our relationships with their
governments."
Available online at: http://www.cfr.org/publication.php?id=4215
The
paper is intended to assist the U.S. Administration in its ongoing efforts to
prevail in the crucial struggle against terrorism.
Available online at: http://www.cfr.org/pdf/public_diplomacy.pdf
"The
Task Force recommends the immediate integration of public diplomacy into the
foreign policymaking process rather than just trying to explain policies after
the fact--present at the "take offs, not just the crash landings." Failure to
take this and other steps will make it more difficult for the United States to
maintain the war against terror and other policy undertakings, the Task Force
concludes" (Press release).
Available online at: http://www.cfr.org/PublicDiplomacy_TF.html
"While
President Bush has sounded the right rhetorical notes about upgrading U.S.
public diplomacy as a top priority to combat terrorism and America's shaky image
abroad, and has taken initial steps to this end, he must do more and better
urgently. This is the central finding of a newly released Independent Task Force
sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations. The report points to recent polls
showing America's image problem is global-not just isolated to the Middle East.
Negative attitudes about U.S. policy are also pervasive in front-line states in
the war on terrorism and among our closest allies. To make U.S. foreign policy
more effective, the task force urges the president to follow through on his
pledge of a year and a half ago-months before the 9/11 attacks-to reorganize the
U.S. public diplomacy machinery and improve America's messages to the world"
(Press release).
Available online at: http://www.terrorismanswers.com/responses/diplomacy_print.html
Considers
the questions: Does America have an image problem abroad? How has the United
States used public diplomacy in the past? Why isn't U.S. public diplomacy more
effective? What new public diplomacy initiatives have been tried since September
11? What else could the United States do to improve its image abroad?
Available
online at: http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/
This
web site is designed to inform anyone interested in U.S. foreign affairs
regarding the important role public diplomacy has played, and is playing, in
supporting U.S. foreign policy and in safeguarding and advancing U.S. interests.
Contains links to public diplomacy and its conduct and about the debate over
public diplomacy and its future.
Available online at: http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2003&m=August&x=20030821141150snommis0.6690332&t=xarchives/xarchitem.html
and at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10260575&db=aph
Ambassador
Ross, U.S. Department of State Special Coordinator for Public Diplomacy, details
principles and practices--"the seven pillars of public diplomacy"--the public
diplomacy and international communications of the United States must reflect in
order to gain understanding and support of multiple foreign publics and other
non-state actors.
Available online at: http://frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=418106476655+1+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve
Public
Diplomacy, pp 405-531, especially testimony by Charlotte Beers and Shibley
Telhami. Do a "find" on the date: April 24, 2002.
Available online at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/useftp.cgi?IPaddress=162.140.64.21&filename=88885.wais&directory=/diskc/wais/data/107_house_hearings
"To
discuss the effectiveness of efforts to understand and influence perception of
the United States in the Arab world, we welcome distinguished witnesses from the
State Department, academia, a noted public opinion survey firm, and the media."
Available online at: http://wwwa.house.gov/international_relations/107/76189.pdf
It
is by now obvious to most observers that the role of public diplomacy in our
foreign policy has been too long neglected. The problem is more than a simple
lack of attention. ... I do not believe that piecemeal reforms are likely to
produce major improvements. Nor do I believe that the problems we confront can
be solved simply by spending more money on ineffective programs ...-- Committee
chairman Henry J. Hyde.
Available online
at: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS24033
and
at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=32V2118655385&db=f5h
As
we consider public diplomacy in the 21st century, we are mindful that our voice
competes amidst the cacophony of voices shaping global opinion. Today, with the
Internet, satellite radio and TV networks providing instantaneous and often
unfiltered information, public diplomacy is more important and more difficult
than ever before. No matter how powerful our military, we will not be able to
achieve all our foreign policy objectives if we lose the war of ideas. In public
diplomacy, we must use our most powerful tools: Truth, credibility, and
openness. We must reach out to people in their own language and in their own
terms. And we must foster the free flow of ideas, even if it's critical of the
United States -- Committee chairman, Joseph R. Biden, Jr.
Available online at:
http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/2003/hrg030227a.html
and
at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=32V0129898011&db=f5h
Senate
address provides opening statements of the 5 witness appearing before the
committee: Charlotte Beers, Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy, U.S.
Dept. of State; Kenneth Y. Tomlinson, Chairman, Board of Broadcasting Governors;
R.S. Zaharna, School of Communication, American University; Andrew Kohut,
Director, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press; Kenton Keith, Senior
Vice President, Meridian International Center. Epnet address provides transcript
of the hearing (47 p.)
Available online at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-09-15-public-diplomacy-fails_x.htm
and
at: http://www.usatoday.com/usatonline/20030916/5502475s.htm
McEvoy-Levy, Siobhan. American Exceptionalism and US
Foreign Policy; Public Diplomacy at the End of the Cold War. New York,
Palgrave, 2001. 256 p.
Revision of the author's thesis
(doctoral)--University of Cambridge, 1999. "The book examines a critical time
and place in recent world history (the end of the Cold War) and the strategies
and values employed in the public diplomacy of the Bush and Clinton
Administrations to build domestic and international consensus. It provides
insight into the uses of Presidential power and provides a model and an
illustration of how the role of rhetoric may be used to study the foreign policy
of the United States" (Publisher).
Also available online at: http://www.netLibrary.com/ebook_info.asp?product_id=59947&piclist=19799,39781
Book
call no.: 327.73 M142a
United States. President. The National Security
Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, President of the
U.S., 2002. 31 p.
"As the United States Government relies on the armed
forces to defend America's interests, it must rely on diplomacy to interact with
other nations. ... Officials trained mainly in international politics must also
extend their reach to understand complex issues of domestic governance around
the world, including public health, education, law enforcement, the judiciary,
and public diplomacy."
Also available online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf
and
at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html
Book
call no.: 355.033073 U583n 2002
United States. General Accounting Office. U.S.
Public Diplomacy: State Department Expands Efforts but Faces Significant
Challenges. Washington, Government Accounting Office, 2003. 68 p.
(GAO-03-951)
This report examines (1) changes in State's public diplomacy
resources and programs since September 11, particularly in countries with
significant Muslim populations; (2) whether State has an overall strategy for
its public diplomacy programs; (3) how State measures their effectiveness; and
(4) what other significant challenges State faces in executing their
programs.
Also available online at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03951.pdf
Doc.
call no.: M-U 41026-173 no.03-951
Andoni, Lamis. Deeds Speak Louder than Words.
Washington Quarterly 25:85-100 Spring 2002.
"Employing
Madison Avenue spin doctors cannot ease resentment toward U.S. policies and
actions. U.S. policy in the Arab and Muslim world has been an utter failure.
Public diplomacy cannot change this perception; only changing policies
can."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6316039&db=aph
Blinken, Antony J. Winning the War of Ideas.
Washington Quarterly 25:101-114 Spring 2002.
"U.S. success
in Afghanistan will count for little if the United States loses the global war
of ideas. Many currents of anti-Americanism develop not because the United
States is misguided, but because it is misunderstood. Here is a 12-point plan to
help bridge the perception gap."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6316038&db=aph
Hoffman, David. Beyond Public Diplomacy.
Foreign Affairs 81:83-95 March-April 2002.
"The United
States has put legions of spokespersons on the airwaves at home and abroad in a
campaign to 'win the hearts and minds' of the Muslim world. So far, however, the
world's superpower is losing the propaganda war to a terrorist in hiding. This
is not surprising, given the virulent anti-Western messages that repressive
Middle Eastern regimes spread through state-run media. Washington should focus
instead on bringing freedom of the press to those countries where oppression
breeds terrorism."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6249403&db=aph
Improving U.S. Public Diplomacy. Middle East
Quarterly 9:75-80 Summer 2002.
Excepts from the Independent Task
Force on America's Response to Terrorism's Report (see Internet Resources)
coupled with comments by several of the Middle East Quarterly's editors and
editorial board members.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6841376&db=aph
Johnson, Stephen and Dale, Helle. How To Reinvigorate
U.S. Public Diplomacy. Backgrounder No.1645:1-14 April 23,
2003.
"To reverse America's declining image abroad, both public diplomacy and
related international broadcasting agencies need a clear chain of command as
well as adequate personnel and financial resources. In addition, public
diplomacy programs that once helped nurture positive long-term relations with
foreign publics and opinion leaders must be restored."
Also available online
at: http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg1645.cfm
Kaufman, Edward. A Broadcasting Strategy To Win Media
Wars. Washington Quarterly 25:115-127 Spring 2002.
"How
does one win media wars?" ... The author proposes "seven pillars of a strategy
to make international broadcasting, a previously overlooked dimension of foreign
conflict resolution, more effective."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6316037&db=aph
Muravchik, Joshua. Hearts, Minds, and the War Against
Terror. Commentary 113:25-30 May 2002.
Military victory
comes foremost, but there is a place for public diplomacy--only, not as
presently practiced.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6571283&db=aph
Paden, John N. and Singer, Peter W. America Slams the
Door (on Its Foot); Washington's Destructive New Visa Policies.
Foreign Affairs 82:8-14 May-June 2003.
"Harsh new
restrictions on Muslim visitors have told potential friends that the United
States no longer wants them. Goodwill is being squandered; Americans will
pay."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=9514569&db=aph
Pappas, Charles. The Selling of America.
Advertising Age 72:1+ December 17, 2001.
"Outside the
official organs of government, branding experts, academics, business executives
and even soldiers who have tried to win over other cultures have strong points
of view on why the Internet, the lessons of Southeast Asia and even an old book
by Donald Trump could hold the keys to Ms. Beers' success or failure [to craft
and market a message that "sold" not just the U.S. response to terrorism, but
our country's core beliefs and values]. ...It's going to be a tough
sell."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=5700742&db=aph
Peterson, Peter G. Public Diplomacy and the War on
Terrorism. Foreign Affairs 81:74-94 September-October
2002.
To combat terrorism effectively, America must do more to communicate
with the Muslim world... The United States should establish a coordinating
structure for public diplomacy efforts, promote private-sector involvement
through a "Corporation for Public Diplomacy," and increase government
public-relations resources.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7215162&db=aph
Ross, Christopher. Public Diplomacy Comes of Age.
Washington Quarterly 25:75-83 Spring 2002.
The author
explains what this critical foreign policy tool is, how technology has changed
it, and the new paradigm that the United States is considering to rebuild its
capacity to conduct public diplomacy.
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6316040&db=aph
Sharma, Amol. Congress Pushing for Renewal of U.S.
Overseas Image Building. CQ Weekly 60:2187-2189 August 10,
2002.
"Fearful that America's image abroad has been left unattended for too
long, the House passed legislation to add $255 million to international media
and outreach programs. The Senate is expected to follow suit. But disagreements
remain over whether a concerted effort to talk up the United States on the
airwaves can really change international opinion."
Also available online at:
http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=7211720&db=aph
Stone, Peter H. The Softer War. National
Journal 35:1686-1691 May 31, 2003.
"There's a side to President
Bush's war against Islamic extremism that doesn't always get much attention--the
side aimed at long-term change in the hearts and minds of Muslims worldwide, but
particularly in the Middle East. This war is a diverse and
sometimes-disorganized effort, involving economics, trade, human rights,
education, diplomacy, and propaganda. Figuring out how best to sell American
values is one big challenge."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=10012317&db=aph
Telhami, Shibley. U.S. Policy and the Arab and Muslim
World: The Need for Public Diplomacy. Brookings Review
20:47-48 Summer 2002.
"The primary source of the widespread Arab and Muslim
resentment and anger toward the United States that is consistently found by
recent public opinion surveys in the region is not, it should be said, American
values--it is U.S. policy, particularly toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Although the United States cannot change its foreign policies solely on the
basis of public attitudes abroad, the costs of our actions must be understood
and factored into the policy assessment. The United States should also find a
way to counter its negative image among Arabs and Muslims and to explain its
policies to the people of the region."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6956853&db=buh
Waller, J. Michael. Losing a Battle for Hearts and
Minds. Insight on the News 18:18-19 April 22, 2002.
"The
same bureaucracy that is so deftly managing the military in the war on terrorism
is severely mishandling information campaigns needed to discredit
terrorists."
Also available online at: http://search.ebscohost.com/direct.asp?an=6610149&db=f5h
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