PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
ACSC Research Topic

March 2005

Compiled by Bibliography Branch
Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center
Maxwell AFB, AL

Contents

• Internet Resources
• Books
• Documents
• Periodicals

For more information, see AUL bibliography Special Operations compiled by Janet Seymour, September 1997.

The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Air Force of this web site or the information, products, or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and morale, welfare and recreation sites, the U.S. Air Force does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DoD web site.

Some materials listed below require access to subscription databases.  If you cannot gain access, contact your local library for availability. AU students and faculty can contact  AUL's  Web Maintainer for a password.

All sites listed were last accessed on March 28, 2005.

Internet Resources

Army Shows Mobile Print.  Graphic Arts Monthly 76:21 October 2004.
This article highlights the participation of the U.S. Army at the Graph Expo and Converting Expo in Chicago, Illinois in October 2004. It is showcasing its mobile printing capacity at the expo. A 2,400-square-foot educational display features a U.S. Army Psychological Operations mobile printing team, using a system known as the Deployable Print Production Center (DPPC). The DPPC consists of a work shelter mounted on a Humvee, which tows an equipment trailer. The center is used to print psychological operations leaflets, flyers, and other communications for foreign audiences in the field. The army most recently used these capabilities in Iraq. According to show managers, the exhibit enables visitors to see an area of military service that does not get a lot of attention, showing that printing is still a key communications tool globally.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=14742182

Iran Says US Launches "Psychological Warfare."  International CustomWire January 20, 2005.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=CX2005020W4424

King, Sara B.  PSYOP and Persuasion:  Applying Social Psychology and Becoming an Informed Citizen.  Teaching of Psychology 31:27-31 Winter 2004.
This project teaches students about persuasion techniques, especially as governments use them. Most projects examples came form the work of the U.S. military's modern Psychological Operations division. social psychology students (a) reviewed influence techniques; (b) examined posters, leaflets, and other persuasion tools used in World War II, the Gulf War, Kosovo, and Afghanistan; (c) pondered legal and ethical issues related to persuasion campaigns; and (d) considered the differences between persuasion and propaganda. Finally, students considered ways to inoculate themselves against unwanted influence attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12285361

North Korea Calls Reports on Removal of Kim's Portraits Part of U.S. Psychological Warfare.  Government CustomWire November 27, 2004.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=CX2004332W4075

Pentagon Weighs Use of Deception to Influence Overseas Opinion:  Report.  Government CustomWire December 13, 2004.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=CX2004348H7221

Schleifer, Ron.  Democracies, Limited War and Psychological Operations.  Review of International Affairs 2:41-54 Spring 2003.
Democracies generally abstain from using psychological operations (PSYOP) as they perceive propaganda to be a totalitarian political tool. Whilst in (conventional) war they use it reluctantly, in small wars they hardly make use of it at all. The nature of small wars makes their handling more difficult for a democracy because it does not undergo the psychological process of mobilization. In contrast, the insurgents make vast use of PSYOP as they realize that the media can be easily exploited through the public's thirst for information. This essay outlines the weakness of democracies in their handling of the struggle over the hearts and minds of the public and proposes changes within democracies to employ effectively psychological warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12341745

Soldiers Keep Insurgents Awake at Night Before Marine Attack.  Government CustomWire December 8, 2004.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=CX2004343X6088

Special to American Forces Press Service.  FDCH Regulatory Intelligence Database. December 15, 2003.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mth&an=32W4063165986

Starunskiy, A. G.  Psychological Operations of U.S. Military Services at the Present Stage.  Military Thought 12:162-172 2003.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=11801489

Zoroya, Gregg.  America's Elite Warriors.  USA Today April 12, 2004.
Available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=J0E110476542704

Books

Goldstein, Frank L. and Findley, Benjamin F.  Psychological Operations:  Principles and Case Studies.  Maxwell AFB, AL, Air University Press, 1996.  364 p.
Also available online:  http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/Goldstein/Goldstein_B18.pdf
Book call no.:  355.3434 P974

Documents

Some of the documents cited in this section are student papers written to fulfill PME school requirements.

Barucky, Jerry et al.  Evaluation of Cross-Cultural Models for Psychological Operations:  Test of a Decision Modeling Approach.  Mesa, AZ, Air Force Materiel Command, Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Training Research Division, 2001.  69 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 44289-16 200 no. 0158

Black, Lawrence L. et al.  Information Operations and Psychological Operations in the USSOUTHCOM Area of Responsibility.  Ft. Bragg, NC Strategic Studies Detachment SOUTHCOM, 4TH Psychological Operations Group (Airborne), 1998.  20 P.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 43151-237

Blakely, James F.  Terrorism and the Role of Information:  Building Relationships On-Line.  Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, 2003.  101 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 42525 B636t

Burkett, Wendy H.  Assessing the Results of Effects-Based Operations (EBO):  The Relationship Between Effects-Based Operations and the Psychological Dimension of Warfare.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2003.  34 p.
Knowledge of the opposition can be used to create a psychological effect that assists in the attainment of the overall objective. How can this psychological effect be incorporated into strategic, operational and tactical planning? This paper argues that the psychological dimension of warfare has a profound correlation to effects-based operations, both for the opposition as well as for our own national strategy and how this nation can plan and better use all elements of our national power to perhaps avoid the next conflict, but if we must, be better prepared.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA414951
Doc. call no.:  39080-537 B9593a

Clapp, Anthony J.  Information Operations and Joint Vision 2020:  Ready to Accept the Challenge.  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2002.  unpaged.
"Ever increasing in importance to the Joint Force Commander (JFC) is the still evolving role of Information Operations (IO). Properly executed, IO will start during peacetime and play significant role in diffusing potential crisis situations. In times of crisis, IO will be a significant contributor to accomplishing the JFC's objectives and then will enable a smooth transition to a return to peace. However, it is currently not possible for the JFC to fully exploit all aspects of IO in order to gain and maintain an advantage over the adversary. Doctrinal shortcomings such as IO cell leadership and the IO organizational structure are the main obstacles preventing joint forces from reaping the benefits of fully integrated and synchronized IO. Joint Vision 2020 (JV 2020) poses a challenge to the operational commander by stating the pace of change in the information environment dictates that we explore broader information operations strategies and concepts. Joint forces should be prepared to accept this challenge, but must first change the way they employ IO if they expect to achieve the JFC's objectives. Implementation of a Joint Forces Information Operations Component Commander (JFIOCC), led by the current Joint Psychological Operations Task Force Commander is the first step towards a synergistic approach to the employment of IO."
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA400923
Doc. call no.:  41662 C5891i

Curtis, Glenn.  An Overview of Psychological Operations (PSYOP).  Washington, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, October 1989.  36 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 42953-36

Fleri, Edgar L.  PSYOP and Airpower:  Tools to Encourage Surrender.  Maxwell AFB, AL, Air Command and Staff College, 2003.  38 leaves.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 43122 F599p

Gough, Susan L.  The Evolution of Strategic Influence.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2003.  54
p.
This paper will examine the evolution of how the U.S. Government and the Department of Defense have organized to conduct strategic influence as an instrument of national power from the Psychological Warfare Division of World War II through the Psychological Strategy Board and Operations Coordinating Board of the early Cold War through the Vietnam years to today. Are they organized effectively today to meet the asymmetric threats of the 21st Century, and what can history teach us about organizing for strategic influence?
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA420183
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 g692e

Isler, Matthew C.  Beyond Attrition:  Integrating Psychological Effects into USAF Counterair Doctrine.  Maxwell AFB, AL, Air command and Staff College, 2004.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 43122 I821b

Leyda, Christopher L.  Joint Doctrine to Integrate3 Theater Strategic Psychological Operations at the National Level:  Searching for Needles in a Haystack.  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2002.  20 p.
"Current joint doctrine clearly defines how a combatant commander can develop plans, organize forces, and conduct psychological operations within operational and tactical realms. However, joint doctrine stops short of providing solid mechanisms and procedures to integrate theater strategic psychological operations at the national level and with other governmental agencies responsible for information activities. A revision of joint publications: Interagency Coordination During Joint Operations (JP 3-08); Joint Information Operation (JP 3-13); and Psychological Operations (JP 3-53) must occur to clearly define a coordination mechanism to integrate theater strategic psychological operations initiatives at the national level."
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA409154
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 L683j

Mateer, Shawn M.  Influence Management:  A Tool for the War on Terrorism.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2002.  25 p.
This paper explores the use of influence management, at the strategic level, defeat terrorism. It examines how the U.S. government must use one of the elements of national power, information, to both protect the friendly center of gravity and should be used to attack decisive points to topple the enemy's center of gravity.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA404675
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 M425i

Noll, James P.  The 13th Psychological Operations Battalion (EPW) During Mobilization, Desert Shield/Desert Storm and Demobilization.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War college, 1993.  164 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-83 N793t

Pugmire, Brian M.  Psychological Operations:  Will the Real Approval Authority Please Stand Up?  Newport, RI, Naval War College, 2002.
"The only organic tool the combatant commander has in his arsenal to communicate with enemy forces or civilians in his theater is Psychological Operations. Accordingly, when the Psychological Operations effort is well coordinated, it can aid significantly in the success of the commander's mission. To be most effective Psychological Operations must be timely. Psychological Operations are most responsive when the theater level commander retains the approval authority for Psychological Operations products. The approval process begins, however, at levels well above the combatant commander. The Psychological Operations plan must be approved at the Secretary of Defense level via the Joint Staff. Considering the degree of technological advances in the information arena to which the world is now exposed, this process must have interagency coordination for a truly synchronized effort. It is imperative that during peace and war the office responsible for approving Psychological Operations plans and products be defined clearly and supported by all agencies and organizations responsible for information activities. Unfortunately, in practice, this is not always the case."
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401091
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 P9782p

Sammons, David H.  PSYOP and the Problem of Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) for the Combatant Commander.  Newport, RI, Naval War college, 2004.  22 p.
"Perhaps the greatest psychological operations (PSYOP) campaign is the one in which the PSYOP community has exalted the effectiveness of their trade as a combat multiplier and peacetime contributor in the pursuit of national and military objectives. This often one-sided viewpoint dismisses the difficulty of PSYOP assessment and only exacerbates the key problem of which the total PSYOP program suffers. The Combatant Commander needs full disclosure of the facts based on the PSYOP principle of truthfulness. The reader is introduced to the doctrinal definitions of PSYOP and Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) and examples of PSYOP used in Operations ALLIED FORCE and ENDURING FREEDOM in Afghanistan. The thesis for this research paper is that PSYOP measures of effectiveness (MOE) are a significant problem that the Combatant Commander will need to address in planning and the actual conduct of war. The purpose of this paper is to assist the Combatant Commander in gaining a greater understanding of PSYOP MOE by exploring: 1) the scope of the problem, 2) the methods and procedures used to address the problem, and 3) four broad recommendations. "
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA425993
Doc. call no.:  M-U 41662 S189p

Sova, Robert J.  Information Operations/Information Warfare:  A Joint Plan?  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2004.  21 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 S729i

Summe, Jack N.  Information Warfare, Psychological Operations, and a Policy for the Future.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 1999.  43 p.
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 S955i

Tanous, Stephen M.  Building a Psychological Strategy for the U.S.:  Leveraging the Informational Element of National Power.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2003.  45 p.
The keys to successful implementation of a national psychological strategy are integration of public diplomacy, public affairs, international military information and coercive diplomacy, supported by the means to understand and communicate with foreign audiences and gauge both domestic and foreign reaction to U.S. plans, policies, and actions. The nation has the resources and expertise to execute an effective psychological strategy which will make the difference for the U.S. in the 21st century.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA414554
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 T167b

Ward, Brad M.  Strategic Influence Operations:  The Information Connection.  Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, 2003.  33 p.
This paper will conduct a comparative analysis of the fundamental approaches that the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of State (DOS), and the National Security Council/White House (NSC/WH) utilize internationally, and provide recommendations that magnifies informational techniques to further U.S. strategic objectives.
Also available online:  http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA415825
Doc. call no.:  M-U 39080-537 W256s

Periodicals

Bloom, Bradley.  Information Operations in Support of Special Operations.  Military Review 84:45-49 January-February 2004.
Discusses the need for information operations (IO) support to special operations (SO) of the U.S. Army. Benefits from IO; Things that the SO community must do in order to enhance effective IO support to SO forces; Definition of IO according to the Information Operations Roadmap of the U.S. Department of Defense; Purpose of the Roadmap; Details of integrated IO functions; Discussion on IO support to SO at the strategic level.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12455745

Desert DJ Plays for Iraqi POWs.  Army Reserve Magazine 49:30 Fall 2003.
Focuses on U.S. Army Reserve soldier and disc jockey Ben Watkins' mission to record simple instructional messages to enemy prisoners of war during the 2003 Iraq war. Recording of Watkins' voice in Arabic telling the prisoners what to do; Importance of Watkins' skills in psychological operations; Watkins' experiences in theater and audio technology.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&an=11337741

Everything's A-OK.  New Internationalist 361:8 October 2003.
Reports on the use of the 'Sesame Street' theme song to torture Iraqi prisoners by the U.S. Army. Objectives of the U.S. psychological operations; Source of anti-Americanism; Promotion of learning via the American kid's television program.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=11118910

Freeburg, John and Todd, Jess T.  The 101st Airborne Division in Iraq:  Televising Freedom.  Military Review 84:39-42 November-December 2004.
Cites the efforts of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division to manage psychological operations during the 2003 Iraq War. Location of its operational assignment; Sources of information in Iraq; Coalition messages that were broadcasted on local television and radio stations in the area; Television programs that were launched by the Army division.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=15682730

Guevin, Paul R.  Psychological Operations.  Air & Space Power Journal 18:30 Summer 2004.
Psychological operations (PSYOP) is defined as planned operations which are used to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. PSYOP played a significant role in recent operations such as Enduring Freedom, in which air-mobility missions delivered humanitarian rations at the same time air-combat sorties struck militarily significant targets in other parts of Afghanistan.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=13262686

Houchin, Mitch.  Get Serious about Tactical Information Ops.  Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute 129:77-80 October 2003.
Information operations (IO) described in the U.S. joint doctrine as disciplines of electronic warfare, operations security, military deception, computer network operations, psychological operations, physical destruction, civil affairs and public affairs, is in its infancy. The Navy is just forging the concept of tactical operations for an information warfare commander (IWC) as part of the composite warfare commander construct. The limited offensive information warfare tools currently available are not enough to warrant the assignment of a battle group information warfare commander, but there is a need for an IW coordinator. Fleet Information Warfare Command provides doctrine, IO applications and four-member staffs to deploying battle groups but has little authority to decide how IO will be instituted.
Also available online: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=11049164

Maiers, Mark W. and Rahn, Timothy L.  Information Operations and Millennium Challenge.  JFQ:  Joint Force Quarterly 35:83-88 Autumn 2004.
This article focuses on Millennium Challenge, a joint exercise hosted by U.S. Joint Forces Command in summer 2002. One goal was to develop recommendations on doctrine, organization, training, manpower, logistics, personnel, and facilities. From the outset of the exercise it was apparent that information operations could produce decisive effects in the fight. These efforts integrate military deception, psychological operations, electronic warfare, operational security, and computer network operations.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=15248335

Waller, Douglas and Donnelly, Sally B.  Still Short in Iraq.  Time 165:13 March 14, 2005.
Reports on the shortcomings of the U.S. Army's civil-affairs and psychological-operations units. crucial role of the civil-affairs unit, which rebuilds utilities and civilian services, in the building of war-torn nations; Shortfall of qualified reservists needed to rebuild Iraq.
Also available online:  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=16332071

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