THEATER BALLISTIC MISSILE WARNING

      Theater Ballistic Missile* proliferation is becoming an ever increasing problem in the world as we approach the 21st Century. Many nations possess theater ballistic missiles and some have made this technology available for purchase. Today, proliferation poses a significant threat to U.S. field commanders in overseas locations and this threat will continue to grow in the future.

(Countries in black currently have, produce or are developing the technology for theater ballistic missiles)

      One of the primary missions of the United States Space Command is to provide space-based theater ballistic missile warning to U.S. forces worldwide. This warning provides the troops in the field the opportunity to defend themselves or take the necessary precautions in the event of a missile threat. Those precautions could include intercepting the missile when combined with the current and future theater missile defense systems and the evacuation of buildings in the threatened area. The command performs this mission with a variety of ground-based and space-based systems as part of the Theater Event System.

      The Theater Event System consists of the Defense Support Program satellite constellation, Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater system, Joint Tactical Ground Stations, and Tactical Detection and Reporting System.

      The data from these sources is disseminated worldwide via the Tactical Information Broadcast Service and the Tactical Related Applications Data Dissemination System.

      A brief description of key Theater Event Systems (TES) and sensors follows:

      All TES elements process data from Defense Support Program satellites which use an infrared sensor to detect heat from missile or booster plumes against the relatively cool background of the Earth’s surface. These satellites have provided uninterrupted warning since the early 1970’s when they were first launched into a 22,000-mile geosynchronous orbit. These satellites were designed to detect strategic ballistic missiles in the early stage of launch of their flight. However, during Desert Storm, prior to the start of the air campaign, the detection software was upgraded and refined to detect short-range theater ballistic missiles such as the SCUD missile. The follow-on to the Defense Support Program satellites, the Space-Based Infrared System is presently being developed from the ground up to detect theater ballistic missiles.

      Attack and Launch Early Reporting to Theater (commonly known as “ALERT”) is the latest means of processing Defense Support Program satellite data. The heart of ALERT is the Central Tactical Processing Element, composed of off-the-shelf commercial telemetry hardware and computer work stations running custom software. This program processes data from all Defense Support Program (DSP) satellites simultaneously, as well as incorporating data from other sensors in detecting theater ballistic missiles launches.

      Joint Tactical Ground Stations are transportable/mobile, in-theater elements of the Theater Event System that provide theater commanders with a capability to process data and immediately send a warning of a theater ballistic missile launch. The systems process data (multiple source) from DSP satellites and can tie in directly to theater communications systems to send theater ballistic missile position information to support early warning, targeting, and cueing requirements.

      Tactical Detection and Reporting System is a system based on the combined ability of a variety of space-based assets to provide warning data.

      These systems and sensors, working in harmony and in concert with each other, provide the world’s most sophisticated early warning system for the joint military community to support the warfighter on land, sea and in the air.

Current as of February 1998

* A Theater ballistic Missile is a missile with a range greater than rocket-propelled artillery and less than or equal to 2,100 nautical miles.

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